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Bio 223A > Bio 223A Exam 2 Part 1 > Flashcards

Bio 223A Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards

Exam 2 chapter 6, 7

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1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support, protection, movement, storage ( Store house for calcium), blood cell production ( made by red bone marrow)

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2
Q

What do ligaments attach?

A

Bone to bone

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3
Q

what do tendons attach?

A

Muscle to bone

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4
Q

What do aponeurosis attach to?

A

Muscle to muscle

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5
Q

What do chondroblasts produce?

A

cartilage

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A

C.H.E.F( Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage)

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7
Q

What is Hyaline Cartilage composed of?

A

Chondrocytes, collagen and ECM

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8
Q

What is the connective tissue sheath that covers a cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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9
Q

What connective tissue membrane covers the hyaline?

A

Perichondrium

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10
Q

What is the substance that gives cartilage it reliant nature?

A

Collagen and proteoglycans

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11
Q

What contains chondrocytes, located in lacunae?

A

Cartilage

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12
Q

What is the substance( Molecule) that gives cartilage its resilient nature?

A

Collagen and proteoglycans

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13
Q

What in the cartilage matrix tends to trap large quantities of water?

A

Proteoglycans

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14
Q

In appositional growth of cartilage, what do chondrocytes do?

A

Causes the cartilage to expand and widen, since growth is on old cartilage

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15
Q

What is appositional growth of cartilage?

A

New chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue

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16
Q

What is appositional growth of bone?

A

Growth in width

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17
Q

Short bone

A

Carpals and tarsals

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18
Q

Long bones

A

Humerus and femur

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19
Q

Irregular bone

A

Vertebrae and facial bones

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20
Q

Flat Bones

A

Bones of the ribs, shoulder balder, pelvis and skull

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21
Q

Where is the medullary cavity found? What lines it?

A

Inside the diaphysis, found in endosteum membrane ( Wax off a spinach leaf)

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22
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone martix?

A

Bone matrix is made up of organic and Inorganic

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23
Q

Organic Bone martix

A

Collagen and proteoglycans

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24
Q

Inorganic bone matrix

A

Hydroyapatitie

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25
Q

What provides bone it’s compression or weight-bearing strength ( Chemical name of crystals)?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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26
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A

Miners salts and crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that form the bone matrix

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27
Q

what determines the strength of a bone , in terms of proportion?

A

Bone mass

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28
Q

Types of bone cells and their functions?

A

Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and osteoclasts

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29
Q

What kind of bone contains trabecular?

A

Spongy bone

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30
Q

Trabeculae

A

Ribs of bone, covered in endosperm and usually not arranged into osteons

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31
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Little channels that connect lacunae

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32
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Small cavities that contain osteocytes

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33
Q

Where are Haversian systems found?

A

Compact bone

34
Q

What types of lamellae are found in Haversian systems?

A

Circumferential lamellae are found at the outer and inner surfaces of bone, while concentric lamellae are found in osteons or Haversian systems.

35
Q

Where would you find concentric lamellae?

A

Around the central canal of an osteon

36
Q

What is intramembranous ossification so?

A

Form many flat bones, bones of skull and clavicles during fetal development

37
Q

Intramembranous ossification?

A

Bones that are build on a model( Starting material) made of membrane of embryonic connective tissue

38
Q

What do we call the locations where ossification begins, in intramembranous ossification?

A

Primary ossification center

39
Q

Endochondral ossification?

A

Bones built on a model of hyaline cartilage

40
Q

Know the sequence of events in endochondral ossification?

A

1st- cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium, is produced by chondroblasts that become chondrocytes enclosed by cartilage matrix
2nd- Perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bone collar is produced. Internally, the chondrocytes hypertrophy and calcified cartilage is formed
3rd- primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage. The osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming cancellous bone.
4th- Process of bone collar formation, cartilage calcification and cancellous bone production continues. Calcified cartilage begins to form in the epiphyses. A medullary cavity begins to from in the center of diaphysis

41
Q

What do flat bones of the skull develop from?

A

Intramembranous ossification

41
Q

What is the similarity in the results of intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A

Both develop bone in some way

42
Q

When do secondary ossification centers appear?

A

After birth

43
Q

Where does bone growth occur during endochondral growth?

A

Epiphyseal Plates

44
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A

Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies

45
Q

Epiphysis

A

End of bone

46
Q

Zone of reserve cartilage

A

Closest to epiphysis , contains cells that are not directly involved in bone growth but can be recruited for cell division if need arises

47
Q

Epiphyseal plate zone

A

Resting cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification

48
Q

Zone of proliferation

A

Next region, which consists of actively dividing chondrocytes by endochondral ossification, contains five different lacunae

49
Q

Zone of hypertrophy/maturation

A

Next region closer to diaphysis, contains mature chondrocytes

50
Q

Zone of calcification

A

Second to last region, contains dead chondrocytes, some of which have been calcified

51
Q

Zone of ossification

A

Last region, consists of calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts

52
Q

If we see a black area on an x-ray that shows the epiphyseal plate, what do we conclude?Does that mean it has completed or not completed its growth.

A

Its still growing

53
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Calcium absorption

54
Q

What elements does bone growth require in adequate amounts in your diet?

A

Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Vitamin C and Calcium

55
Q

What is vitamin C necessary for?

A

Collagen synthesis

56
Q

What is the role of calcitonin?

A

Takes calcium out of blood when levels are too high, triggers osteoblasts to add new bone tissue

57
Q

How do sex hormones affect bone growth? In relation to puberty and growth spurt?

A

Cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement

58
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Hormone causes osteoclasts to crush bone and release more calcium in blood

59
Q

What happens when we have hypersecretion of growth hormone?

A

Gigantism, acromegaly

60
Q

If a boy grows rapidly, and has the height of 6 foot during puberty, when did his growth hormone become increased? At what stage in his life? From the beginning?

A

Teenage years

61
Q

How is remodeling bone tissue accomplished?

A

Osteoblasts form new bone matrix and osteocytes break down matrix

62
Q

What part of a long bone has the greatest osteoclast activity?

A

Periosteum ( Under the skin layer) and cartilage

63
Q

What is the sequence of events in bone repair?
HSHPrs

A

Hematoma- hematoma ( Blood clot) fills in gap between bone fragments; mass of blood cells and proteins form in an injury due to ruptured blood vessels
Soft callus- Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma and form a soft callus; mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue
Hard callus- Osteoblasts build a bone callus( hard callus) ; collar of primary bone made by osteoblasts residing in periosteum
Primary bone replaces with secondary bone - Bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone

64
Q

If your blood calcium levels were to be low, what kind of activity would increase them?

A

Osteoclasts break down bone to put more calcium in blood

65
Q

If the levels of calcium in your blood are above normal, what hormones are secreted in large quantities?

A

Calcitonin

66
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Forms body’s longitudinal axis, encases body cavities to protect underlying organs

67
Q

Skull

A

Encase brain and form face

67
Q

Axial Skeleton parts

A

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

68
Q

Thoracic cage

A

12 pairs of ribs, sternum and part of the vertebral column; encase and protect lungs, heart and other delicate contents of thoracic cavity

69
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb; structure primarily suited for movements, support, and muscle attachment

70
Q

Appendix prefix meaning

A

Attachment

70
Q

Appendicular system parts

A

Pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb

71
Q

Pectoral gridle

A

Clavicle and scapula ; anchors upper limb to trunk

72
Q

Upper limb

A

3 part , arm consisting of humerus; forearm consisting of radius and ulna; wrist/hand consisting of carpals/; metacarpals and phalanges

73
Q

Lower limb

A

3 parts; thigh, consisting of fetus; leg, consisting of fibers and fibula, and ankle and foot consisting of tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges

73
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Pelvis consisting of two pelvic bones and sacrum; anchors lower limb to trunk

74
Q

What is the vomer bone?

A

Thin, flat, single bone almost trapezoid in shape. It connects the ethmoid bone and together they form the nasal septum, the teal thing

74
Q

What are the bones of the carnival vaults?

A

Parietal, Temporal, frontal, occipital, Sphenoid, ethmoid

75
Q

Skull sutures

A

Coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid

75
Q

What happens if the expired maxilla is not fused?

A

Cleft palate

Bio 223A (15 decks)

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