Bio 223A Exam 2 Part 1 Flashcards
Exam 2 chapter 6, 7
1
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
Support, protection, movement, storage ( Store house for calcium), blood cell production ( made by red bone marrow)
2
Q
What do ligaments attach?
A
Bone to bone
3
Q
what do tendons attach?
A
Muscle to bone
4
Q
What do aponeurosis attach to?
A
Muscle to muscle
5
Q
What do chondroblasts produce?
A
cartilage
6
Q
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
A
C.H.E.F( Cartilage: Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage)
7
Q
What is Hyaline Cartilage composed of?
A
Chondrocytes, collagen and ECM
8
Q
What is the connective tissue sheath that covers a cartilage?
A
Perichondrium
9
Q
What connective tissue membrane covers the hyaline?
A
Perichondrium
10
Q
What is the substance that gives cartilage it reliant nature?
A
Collagen and proteoglycans
11
Q
What contains chondrocytes, located in lacunae?
A
Cartilage
12
Q
What is the substance( Molecule) that gives cartilage its resilient nature?
A
Collagen and proteoglycans
13
Q
What in the cartilage matrix tends to trap large quantities of water?
A
Proteoglycans
14
Q
In appositional growth of cartilage, what do chondrocytes do?
A
Causes the cartilage to expand and widen, since growth is on old cartilage
15
Q
What is appositional growth of cartilage?
A
New chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue
16
Q
What is appositional growth of bone?
A
Growth in width
17
Q
Short bone
A
Carpals and tarsals
18
Q
Long bones
A
Humerus and femur
19
Q
Irregular bone
A
Vertebrae and facial bones
20
Q
Flat Bones
A
Bones of the ribs, shoulder balder, pelvis and skull
21
Q
Where is the medullary cavity found? What lines it?
A
Inside the diaphysis, found in endosteum membrane ( Wax off a spinach leaf)
22
Q
What are the primary constituents of the bone martix?
A
Bone matrix is made up of organic and Inorganic
23
Q
Organic Bone martix
A
Collagen and proteoglycans
24
Q
Inorganic bone matrix
A
Hydroyapatitie
25
What provides bone it's compression or weight-bearing strength ( Chemical name of crystals)?
Hydroxyapatite
26
Hydroxyapatite
Miners salts and crystals consisting of calcium and phosphate that form the bone matrix
27
what determines the strength of a bone , in terms of proportion?
Bone mass
28
Types of bone cells and their functions?
Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
29
What kind of bone contains trabecular?
Spongy bone
30
Trabeculae
Ribs of bone, covered in endosperm and usually not arranged into osteons
31
What are canaliculi?
Little channels that connect lacunae
32
What are lacunae?
Small cavities that contain osteocytes
33
Where are Haversian systems found?
Compact bone
34
What types of lamellae are found in Haversian systems?
Circumferential lamellae are found at the outer and inner surfaces of bone, while concentric lamellae are found in osteons or Haversian systems.
35
Where would you find concentric lamellae?
Around the central canal of an osteon
36
What is intramembranous ossification so?
Form many flat bones, bones of skull and clavicles during fetal development
37
Intramembranous ossification?
Bones that are build on a model( Starting material) made of membrane of embryonic connective tissue
38
What do we call the locations where ossification begins, in intramembranous ossification?
Primary ossification center
39
Endochondral ossification?
Bones built on a model of hyaline cartilage
40
Know the sequence of events in endochondral ossification?
1st- cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium, is produced by chondroblasts that become chondrocytes enclosed by cartilage matrix
2nd- Perichondrium of the diaphysis becomes the periosteum, and a bone collar is produced. Internally, the chondrocytes hypertrophy and calcified cartilage is formed
3rd- primary ossification center forms as blood vessels and osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage. The osteoblasts lay down bone matrix, forming cancellous bone.
4th- Process of bone collar formation, cartilage calcification and cancellous bone production continues. Calcified cartilage begins to form in the epiphyses. A medullary cavity begins to from in the center of diaphysis
41
What do flat bones of the skull develop from?
Intramembranous ossification
41
What is the similarity in the results of intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Both develop bone in some way
42
When do secondary ossification centers appear?
After birth
43
Where does bone growth occur during endochondral growth?
Epiphyseal Plates
44
Epiphyseal Plates
Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
45
Epiphysis
End of bone
46
Zone of reserve cartilage
Closest to epiphysis , contains cells that are not directly involved in bone growth but can be recruited for cell division if need arises
47
Epiphyseal plate zone
Resting cartilage, proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification
48
Zone of proliferation
Next region, which consists of actively dividing chondrocytes by endochondral ossification, contains five different lacunae
49
Zone of hypertrophy/maturation
Next region closer to diaphysis, contains mature chondrocytes
50
Zone of calcification
Second to last region, contains dead chondrocytes, some of which have been calcified
51
Zone of ossification
Last region, consists of calcified chondrocytes and osteoblasts
52
If we see a black area on an x-ray that shows the epiphyseal plate, what do we conclude?Does that mean it has completed or not completed its growth.
Its still growing
53
What is the function of vitamin D?
Calcium absorption
54
What elements does bone growth require in adequate amounts in your diet?
Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Vitamin C and Calcium
55
What is vitamin C necessary for?
Collagen synthesis
56
What is the role of calcitonin?
Takes calcium out of blood when levels are too high, triggers osteoblasts to add new bone tissue
57
How do sex hormones affect bone growth? In relation to puberty and growth spurt?
Cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement
58
What is the role of the parathyroid hormone?
Hormone causes osteoclasts to crush bone and release more calcium in blood
59
What happens when we have hypersecretion of growth hormone?
Gigantism, acromegaly
60
If a boy grows rapidly, and has the height of 6 foot during puberty, when did his growth hormone become increased? At what stage in his life? From the beginning?
Teenage years
61
How is remodeling bone tissue accomplished?
Osteoblasts form new bone matrix and osteocytes break down matrix
62
What part of a long bone has the greatest osteoclast activity?
Periosteum ( Under the skin layer) and cartilage
63
What is the sequence of events in bone repair?
HSHPrs
Hematoma- hematoma ( Blood clot) fills in gap between bone fragments; mass of blood cells and proteins form in an injury due to ruptured blood vessels
Soft callus- Fibroblasts and chondroblasts infiltrate hematoma and form a soft callus; mixture of hyaline cartilage and collagenous connective tissue
Hard callus- Osteoblasts build a bone callus( hard callus) ; collar of primary bone made by osteoblasts residing in periosteum
Primary bone replaces with secondary bone - Bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
64
If your blood calcium levels were to be low, what kind of activity would increase them?
Osteoclasts break down bone to put more calcium in blood
65
If the levels of calcium in your blood are above normal, what hormones are secreted in large quantities?
Calcitonin
66
Axial Skeleton
Forms body's longitudinal axis, encases body cavities to protect underlying organs
67
Skull
Encase brain and form face
67
Axial Skeleton parts
Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
68
Thoracic cage
12 pairs of ribs, sternum and part of the vertebral column; encase and protect lungs, heart and other delicate contents of thoracic cavity
69
Appendicular skeleton
Bones of pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb; structure primarily suited for movements, support, and muscle attachment
70
Appendix prefix meaning
Attachment
70
Appendicular system parts
Pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, lower limb
71
Pectoral gridle
Clavicle and scapula ; anchors upper limb to trunk
72
Upper limb
3 part , arm consisting of humerus; forearm consisting of radius and ulna; wrist/hand consisting of carpals/; metacarpals and phalanges
73
Lower limb
3 parts; thigh, consisting of fetus; leg, consisting of fibers and fibula, and ankle and foot consisting of tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges
73
Pelvic girdle
Pelvis consisting of two pelvic bones and sacrum; anchors lower limb to trunk
74
What is the vomer bone?
Thin, flat, single bone almost trapezoid in shape. It connects the ethmoid bone and together they form the nasal septum, the teal thing
74
What are the bones of the carnival vaults?
Parietal, Temporal, frontal, occipital, Sphenoid, ethmoid
75
Skull sutures
Coronal, sagittal, squamous, lambdoid
75
What happens if the expired maxilla is not fused?
Cleft palate
