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PMTP 2 > Introduction to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the normal urine color?

A

Yellow

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2
Q

It is a product of endogenous metabolism excreted by the body at a constant rate; responsible for the yellow color of urine.

A

Urochrome

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3
Q

Color of dilute urine?

A

Pale yellow

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4
Q

Color of concentrated urine?

A

Dark yellow

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5
Q

A pink pigment that attaches to urates; common in refrigerated urine.

A

Uroerythrin

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6
Q

Oxidation of urobilinogen causes an orange-brown color to unpreserved urine.

A

Urobilin

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7
Q

Color of bilirubin urine?

A

Dark yellow/Orange/Amber

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8
Q

It administered to UTI patients

A

Phenazopyridine or azo-Gantrisin

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9
Q

What is the RBC acidic urine color when hemoglobin oxidizes to methemoglobin?

A

Brown

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10
Q

It is due to skeletal muscle breakdown

A

Myoglobin

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11
Q

What does porphobilinogen oxidize?

A

Porphyrins

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12
Q

Red urine when clear can cause

A
  • Hemoglobinuria (red plasma)
  • Myoglobinuria (clear plasma)
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13
Q

Red urine when cloudy can cause

A

Hematuria (presence of red blood cells)

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14
Q

What is the color of urine in the presence of melanin or homogentisic acid?

A

Black color

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15
Q

What are the medications for urine that color black?

A
  • Levodopa
  • Methyldopa
  • Phenol derivatives
  • Metronidazole
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16
Q

What is the color of urine in the presence of pseudomonas infection?

A

Blue-green

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17
Q

What are the medications for urine that color blue-green?

A
  • Methocarbamol
  • Methylene blue
  • Amitriptyline
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18
Q

What is the color of urine in the presence of indican?

A

Purple staining

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19
Q

Bacterial infection is due to?

A

Klebsiella or Providencia species

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20
Q

What is the normal clarity of urine?

A

Clear

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21
Q

Density; SG = 1.010

A

Isothenuric

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22
Q

Density; SG < 1.010

A

Hyposthenuric

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23
Q

Density; SG > 1.010

A

Hypersthenuric

24
Q

It determines the concentration of dissolved particles by measuring the refractive index.

A

Refractometer

25
Q

How many drops does the refractometer to urine?

A

1-2 drops

26
Q

This technique used for the chemical analysis of urine

A

Reagent strip technique

27
Q

What is the normal pH?

A

pH 4.5 to 8.0

28
Q

What is the pH when slightly acidic?

A

pH 5.0 to 6.0

29
Q

Red to yellow at pH 4.0 to 6.0?

A

Methyl red

30
Q

Yellow to blue at pH 6.0 to 9.0?

A

Bromthymol blue

31
Q

This pH parameter of the body is regulated by the kidneys and lungs through hydrogen secretion and reabsorption of bicarbonate from the filtrate in the convoluted tubules.

A

Acid-base content

32
Q

It is often associated with early renal disease; and requires additional tests to determine if normal or pathologic.

A

Proteinuria

33
Q

What is the normal protein range?

A

<10mg/dL or 100mg/24hr excreted

34
Q

What are the protein error indicators?

A
  • Tetrabromphenol blue
  • Tetrachlorophenol
  • Tetrabromosulfonphthalein
35
Q

It is used for confirmatory tests for protein in urine.

A

Sulfosalycyclic acid

36
Q

Most frequently performed due to diabetes detection and monitoring.

A

Glucose

37
Q

One of the earliest methods of detecting glucose in the urine.

A

Copper reduction test

38
Q

It employs Benedict’s test principle to detect glucose.

A

Clinitest tablet

39
Q

This enzyme reaction colors green to brown

A

Potassium iodide

40
Q

This enzyme reaction colors yellow to green

A

Tetramethylbenzidine

41
Q

It is detected in the urine once fats are metabolized for energy due to the inability to metabolize carbohydrates.

A

Ketones

42
Q

It detects Hematuria and Hemoglobinuria.

A

Blood

43
Q

It is the appearance in the urine that can indicate bilirubinuria; also an early indication of liver disease.

A

Bilirubin

44
Q

What principle reaction does bilirubin have?

A. Ehrlich reaction
B. Diazo reaction
C. Sodium nitroprusside reaction
D. Pseudoperoxidase reaction

A

B. Diazo reaction

45
Q

What principle reaction does blood have?

A. Ehrlich reaction
B. Diazo reaction
C. Sodium nitroprusside reaction
D. Pseudoperoxidase reaction

A

D. Pseudoperoxidase reaction

46
Q

What principle reaction does ketones have?

A. Ehrlich reaction
B. Diazo reaction
C. Sodium nitroprusside reaction
D. Pseudoperoxidase reaction

A

C. Sodium nitroprusside reaction

47
Q

This product of reduction of bilirubin by intestinal bacteria once it is excreted into the intestine.

A

Urobilinogen

48
Q

What principle reaction does urobilinogen have?

A. Ehrlich reaction
B. Diazo reaction
C. Sodium nitroprusside reaction
D. Pseudoperoxidase reaction

A

A. Ehrlich reaction

49
Q

It is a rapid screening test for UTI; detection of bacteriuria to prevent serious complications.

A

Nitrite

50
Q

What principle reaction does nitrite have?

A

Greiss reaction

51
Q

What is the positive result of Nitrite?

A

Any shade of pink in the reagent strip

52
Q

It is more standardized for leukocyte detection and is an indicator of UTI.

A

Leukocyte Esterase

53
Q

What is the longest reading time of leukocyte esterase?

A

2 minutes

54
Q

It minimizes external contamination.

A

Midstream clean-catch

55
Q

What would be the specimen volume in preparation?

A

It should be 10-15mL

56
Q

In how many minutes is the urine specimen centrifugal?

A

5 minutes

PMTP 2 (14 decks)

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