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Respiratory System & CVS Physiology Year 1 > Introduction to the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Gas Exchange - Oxygen added to the blood from the air and carbon dioxide removed from the blood into the air.
  2. Acid base balance - regulation of body pH
  3. Protection from infection
  4. Communication via speech
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2
Q

What is the value of the pH of the extracellular fluid?

A

7.4

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3
Q

What other system does the respiratory system work with in order to maintain body pH?

A

The renal system

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4
Q

What do the respiratory epithelia have a dense concentration of?

A

Immune tissues

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5
Q

What is the role of the immune cells in the respiratory epithelia?

A

Their main role is to scan the air that we breathe in, looking for potential pathogens.

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6
Q

What do the immune cells do when they identify a potential pathogen?

A

They set up an immune response against it.

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7
Q

What do the respiratory epithelia also have?

A

They also have a dense cilia network.

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8
Q

What is the role of the cilia in the respiratory epithelia?

A

They beat up the larger inhaled particles up the respiratory tract away from the delicate tissue deep within the lungs.

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9
Q

What happens when we inhale smoke particles or very fine dust particles?

A

It gets trapped within the mucus that is in the respiratory tract and then the cilia beat that mucus up the respiratory tract away from the very delicate alveolar tissue.

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10
Q

Where are our vocal cords located?

A

It is located in our larynx.

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11
Q

What causes vocal cords to vibrate?

A

When air passes through them.

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12
Q

How do we develop speech?

A

We develop speech by refining the air in our vocal cords and controlling the vibration of our vocal cords.

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13
Q

What is the most important one of the four functions of the respiratory system in an acute sense?

A

Gas exchange

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14
Q

Why do we need oxygen when we are breathing?

A

To produce energy.

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15
Q

Why do we die when we don’t have enough oxygen?

A

Because if our cells cannot produce energy from oxygen, then our cells die and when our cells die, we die.

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16
Q

How do we produce energy from oxygen?

A

We do this by burning oxygen by consuming oxygen to power the production of energy and producing carbon dioxide as a waste product.

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17
Q

Can we produce enough energy to meet the resting energy demands of our body anaerobically?

A

No

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18
Q

Does aerobic respiration require energy?

A

yes

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19
Q

What happens to carbon dioxide when it builds up in our tissues?

A

It becomes toxic

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20
Q

What does the ability of our peripheral cells to convert chemical energy into physical energy depend on?

A

It depends on the integration of the cardiovascular system and the respiratory systems to deliver fuel to the cells that are active within the peripheral tissues and also remove waste products.

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21
Q

What makes up the chemical energy in our bodies?

A

The food that we eat and the oxygen that we breathe in.

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22
Q

What is physical energy used for?

A

It is used to power the cells that are active.

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23
Q

Why is the cardiovascular system needed for respiration?

A

It is needed to allow oxygen to be carried from the lungs to the peripheral tissues and transports the waste products from the peripheral tissues to the lungs so that it can get rid of them.

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24
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

It takes place in the periphery.

25
Q

What do the peripheral tissues do to the oxygen?

A

They metabolize the oxygen.

26
Q

Dysfunction in the cardiovascular system can lead to …

A

Dysfunction in the respiratory system.

27
Q

What does gas exchange link?

A

It links the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.

28
Q

How does carbon dioxide get into the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide enters the blood by diffusion.

29
Q

What is cellular respiration sometimes known as?

A

Internal respiration.

30
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

It is a biochemical process that releases energy from glucose either via Glycolysis or Oxidative Phosphorylation.

31
Q

Is Oxygen needed to produce energy from glycolysis?

A

No

32
Q

Is oxygen needed to produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Yes.

33
Q

Which produces more ATP: Glycolysis or Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

34
Q

Can we survive on glycolysis alone?

A

No

35
Q

Why do we need Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

We need it in order to produce enough energy to sustain our resting energy demands and our resting metabolic demands.

36
Q

What does oxidative phosphorylation depend on?

A

It depends on external respiration.

37
Q

What is external respiration?

A

External Respiration is the movement of air between the air and the body’s cells via both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

38
Q

What type of circulation is mostly spoken about?

A

Systemic Circulation

39
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Systemic circulation is the circulatory system that goes to all areas of the body.

40
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary circulation is the specialised circulation that travels only between the heart and lungs.

41
Q

What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

A

They are the opposite of each other in their functions and the terminology that is used to describe the blood vessels.

42
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation do?

A

It is about delivering carbon dioxide to the lungs and collecting oxygen from the lungs.

43
Q

What does systemic circulation do?

A

It delivers oxygen to the peripheral tissues and collects carbon dioxide from those peripheral tissues.

44
Q

What does a systemic artery carry?

A

Oxygenated blood (lungs to the peripheral tissues)

45
Q

What does a pulmonary artery carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood, (from the heart to the lungs)

46
Q

What does a systemic vein carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood (peripheral tissues to the lungs)

47
Q

What does a pulmonary vein carry?

A

Oxygenated blood. (lungs to the heart)

48
Q

What do peripheral tissues do to the oxygen in systemic arteries?

A

It takes the oxygen out of the blood.

49
Q

What is the anatomical definition of an artery?

A

A vessel carrying blood away from the heart.

50
Q

What is the anatomical definition of a vein?

A

A vessel carrying blood to the heart.

51
Q

Which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood?

A

The right-hand side.

52
Q

Describe the movement of blood between the systemic and pulmonary vein and arteries.

A

The systemic vein carries deoxygenated blood from the peripheral tissues to the right side of the heart. It gets an extra shove and gets pushed out of the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs, it releases its carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. Oxygenated blood then travels from the lungs back to the left side of the heart via the pulmonary vein. The systemic artery then carries the oxygenated blood to the peripheral tissues.

53
Q

How is exercise a good example of the relationship between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems?

A

Respiratory System
When we exercise, there is an increase in energy demand on our skeletal muscles. This leads to an increase in the rate and depth of breathing to increase our substrate acquisition. The substrate is oxygen. But we also need to get more carbon dioxide out.

Cardiovascular System
At the same time, we have an increased heart rate and an increased contraction of the heart, which speeds up oxygen delivery to the working muscle by increasing blood flow. This also speeds up waste removal by getting carbon dioxide out of the cells faster.

54
Q

What is the net volume of oxygen exchange in the lungs?

A

250 ml/min

55
Q

What is the net volume of carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs?

A

200 ml/min

56
Q

What is the relationship between the net exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and peripheral tissue?

A

It is the same in both the lungs and the peripheral tissue.

57
Q

Why is the net volume of gas exchange important?

A

It prevents gas build-up in the circulation that would otherwise hamper gas exchange and so that the supply of oxygen equals the demand and that the production of carbon dioxide equals their removal.

58
Q

What is the normal respiratory rate?

A

12-18 breaths/min

59
Q

What is the maximum respiratory rate that can be reached in an adult?

A

40-45 breaths max

Respiratory System & CVS Physiology Year 1 (58 decks)

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