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Respiratory System & CVS Physiology Year 1 > Developmental Aspects Of Disease > Flashcards

Developmental Aspects Of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gestational age for embryonic stage?

A

3-8 weeks

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2
Q

What is the gestational age for pseudoglandular stage?

A

5-17 weeks

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3
Q

What is the gestational age for canalicular stage?

A

16-26 weeks

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4
Q

What is the gestational age for saccular stage?

A

24-38 weeks

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5
Q

What is the gestational age for alveolar stage?

A

36 weeks -2/3 years

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6
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage?

A

Lung buds start to develop as respiratory diverticulum from the foetal foregut. After this there are two primary lung buds and they divide to form two on the left and three on the right.

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7
Q

What is the lung bud derived from?

A

They are derived from the endoderm but the blood vessels and connective tissue surrounding them are derived from the mesoderm.

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8
Q

What happens in the pseudoglandular stage?

A

Rapid branching of the airways forming eventually 16-25 primitive bronchi which are formed. Development of specialised cells such as cilia and mucous glands that begin to appear in the airways.

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9
Q

What happens in Canalicular stage?

A

Lungs develop distal architecture, terminal bronchioles, alveolar sacs and capillary blood vessels form gas exchange units. Type one and two pneumocytes appear.

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10
Q

What happens in the saccular stage?

A

The alveolar sacs grow in size and become well formed. More surfactant is produced. Bronchial are elongated and interstitial tissue begins to reduce and the alveolar walls get thinner.

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11
Q

What happens in the alveolar stage?

A

The lungs can can sustain breathing. The cells are well developed forming the final alveolar structures.

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12
Q

What are cogenital abnormalities?

A

They are present at birth

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13
Q

How are cogenital abnormalities picked up?

A

Antenatal scanning: Ultrasound and MRI

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14
Q

What cogenital abnormalities are present in newborns?

A

Tachypnoea
Respiratory distress
Increased feeding

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15
Q

What cogenital abnormalities are present in children?

A

Stridor/wheeze
Recurrent pneumonia
Cough
Feeding issues

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16
Q

How are cogenital abnormalities picked up asymptotically?

A

Incident finding

17
Q

What is laryngomalacia?

A

Dynamic collapse of larynx, infants, stridor, made worse with feeding or when the child is upset or excited.

18
Q

What are the treatments for laryngomalacia?

A

Will improve within first year

19
Q

What is tracheomalacia?

A

Floppiness of the trachea, can be isolated in healthy infants or external compression to the airway.

20
Q

What are the symptoms of tracheomalacia?

A

Barking cough
Croup
Breathlessness on exertion
Stridor/wheeze

21
Q

What is the treatment for tracheomalacia?

A

Management with antibiotics and physio but symptoms will resolve themselves.

22
Q

What is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

Abnormal connection between the trachea and the oesophagus. May be present postnatal or antenatal

23
Q

What are the symptoms of tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

Choking
Colour change
Cough with feeding

24
Q

What are the treatments for tracheo-oesophageal fistula

A

Surgical repair

25
Q

What are the complications for surgical repair of tracheo-oesophageal fistula?

A

Tracheomalacia, strictures, leak and reflux

26
Q

What is cogenital pulmonary airway malformation?

A

Abnormal non-function in lung tissues

27
Q

How is cogenital pulmonary airway malformation resolved?

A

It normally gets better on its own but sometimes it needs surgical intervention.

28
Q

What is cogenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

When the diaphragm doesn’t close properly. Usually left side but can be seen on right which is worse.

29
Q

How is cogenital diaphragmatic hernia treated?

A

Surgery when the child is stable.

30
Q

What is neonatal lung disease?

A

Fluid in the lungs doesn’t move as effectively and is mostly seen with children that is born with CS.

31
Q

What is respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Due to surfactant deficiency due to premature birth.

32
Q

What is the treatments for respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Antenatal steroids
Surfactant replacement
Appropriate ventilation and nutrition

33
Q

What is chronic lung disease?

A

Where prematurity is linked with ongoing oxygen treatment.

34
Q

What is remodelling?

A

Alteration of the airway flowing external influence: environmental exposure, chronic diseases of childhood, infection.
Leads to abnormalities due to interference of intercellular signalling

35
Q

Where is remodelling seen?

A

Asthma and chronic lung disease of prematurity.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of remodelling?

A

Increased bronchial responsiveness,
Increase mucus secretions
Airway oedema
Airway narrowing

Respiratory System & CVS Physiology Year 1 (58 decks)

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