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Respiratory System & CVS Physiology Year 1 > Alveolar Ventilation vs Pulmonary Ventilation > Flashcards

Alveolar Ventilation vs Pulmonary Ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical dead space and how much of it is there approx?

A

It is the volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways and this gas is not available for gas exchange. It is ~150ml. e.g bronchus, trachea

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2
Q

Is the anatomical dead space fixed or does it change?

A

It is relatively fixed for any one individual.

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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs.

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4
Q

What are the two types of ventilation?

A
  • pulmonary (minute) ventilation

* alveolar ventilation

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5
Q

What is pulmonary (Minute) ventilation

A

Total air movement into/out of lungs (relatively insignificant in functional terms)

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6
Q

Is the pulmonary ventilation significant in functional terms?

A

No because what we are really concerned about is how much air gets to the level of the alveoli because that where all the gas exchange is happening

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7
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

Volume of fresh air that is getting to the alveoli and therefore available for gas exchange.

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8
Q

What has an impact on alveolar ventilation?

A

Dead space and tidal volume, respiratory rate has less of an impact than tidal volume.

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9
Q

What are pulmonary and alveolar ventilation measured in?

A

L/min

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10
Q

What percent of the air that is breathed in reaches the alveoli?

A

70%

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11
Q

What can change the efficiency of breathing?

A

Breathing pattern

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12
Q

When we are anxious what happens to the tidal volume?

A

It reduces because we take many shallow breaths.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between tidal volume and respiratory rate?

A

When we increase respiratory rate we tend to decrease tidal volume.

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14
Q

What do we call alveolar ventilation that is bigger than the average alveolar ventilation?

A

Hyperventilation

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15
Q

What do we call ventilation that is less than average alveolar ventilation?

A

Hypoventilation

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16
Q

What is Daltons law?

A

It states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases. eg. our air is gas mainly of two gas mixture of two gases: nitrogen (79%) and oxygen (21%). There is negligible quantities of CO2 in air (0.03%)

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17
Q

Why is there CO2 in our cells and blood?

A

Because we make carbon dioxide as part of aerobic respiration, we DON’T breathe it in.

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17
Q

Why is there CO2 in our cells and blood?

A

Because we make carbon dioxide as part of aerobic respiration, we DON’T breathe it in.

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18
Q

If a patient presents with high Co2 levels why might this be?

A

They may have some kind of respiratory pathology that means that they cant get rid of their carbon dioxide.

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19
Q

How does pressure exerted vary from gas to gas?

A

They all exert the same pressure

20
Q

How does partial pressure vary with gas?

A

Partial pressure increases with increasing gas.

21
Q

What is partial pressure of oxygen?

A

160mmHg

22
Q

Why is the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen less than arterial the partial pressure?

A

This is because the oxygen is diluted by two things, the dead space and the residual volume and the air also becomes saturated by water vapour.

23
Q

How does the gas in the alveoli very with the gas in the blood?

A

It is in constant equilibrium with the oxygen (gas) in the systemic arterial blood.

24
Q

What happens to the alveolar partial pressure of Oxygen and carbon dioxide during hypoventilation?

A

The oxygen levels in the alveoli fall because the oxygen is being taken away by the blood, its being metabolised by the peripheral tissues faster than it is being replenished in the alveoli. The levels of carbon dioxide increase because we are producing more carbon dioxide faster than we are able to blow it off.

25
Q

What happens to the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide during hyperventilation?

A

The oxygen levels increase because you are getting oxygen into the alveoli faster than you are using it. The carbon dioxide level decreases because we are using carbon dioxide faster than we are producing it.

26
Q

What is the alveolar partial pressure for oxygen ?

A

100mmHg and 13.3kPa

27
Q

What is the alveolar partial pressure for carbon dioxide?

A

40mmHg and 5.3kPa

28
Q

When intrapleural pressure gets more negative, what happens to transpulmonary pressure?

A

It increases

29
Q

How does the alveolar pressure change at the apex and the base?

A

It is greater at the base than it is at the apex.

30
Q

What happens to the alveolar ventilation with height?

A

It declines with height from the base to the apex.

31
Q

Why does alveolar ventilation decline with height?

A

This is because compliance is lower at the apex and more compliance at the base.

32
Q

How are the lungs positioned in the thoracic cavity?

A

They are effectively hanging.

33
Q

How does this hanging affect the alveoli in the lungs?

A

It compresses the alveoli at the base more than it compresses the alveoli at the apex, The alveoli are kind of stretched at the top and this is because the weight of the lungs is pulling them down.

34
Q

How does the capacity for the alveoli to stretch at the apex differ from the capacity of the alveoli at the base?

A

The capacity of the alveoli at the apex to stretch is less than the capacity of the alveoli in the base to stretch because they are already partially stretched.

35
Q

How does alveolar ventilation change when a patient is lying down?

A

When a patient is lying down the alveolar ventilation is greater at the back of the lung than it is at the front of the lung.

36
Q

What is normal alveolar ventilation.

A

4.2L/min

37
Q

What is the fluctuation of PO2 and PCO2 like under normal resting conditions?

A

They remain fairly constant.

38
Q

What happens to PO2 and PCO2 during hyperventilation?

A

PO2 rises to about 120mmHg and PCO2 falls to about 20mmHg.

39
Q

What happens to PO2 and PCO2 during hypoventilation?

A

PO2 falls to 30mmHg and PCO2 rises to 100mmHg.

40
Q

What is ventilation linked to?

A

Perfusion - (local blood flow L/min)

41
Q

What is the optimal condition for ventilation?

A

Ventilation = blood flow

42
Q

What effect does under oxygenated blood have?

A

Ventilation < Perfusion < 1.0

43
Q

What effect does hyperventilating have on Ventilation-Perfusion relationship?

A

Ventilation > Perfusion > 1.0

44
Q

Where does the majority of mismatch take place?

A

Apex of the lung

45
Q

What happens if ventilation decreases in a group of alveoli?

A

PCO2 increases and PO2 decreases. Blood flowing past those alveoli does not get oxygenated.

46
Q

What does decreased PO2 around under ventilated alveoli cause?

A

Constricts their arterioles, diverting their blood to better ventilated alveoli. Constriction in response to hypoxia is particular to pulmonary vessels (systemic vessels dilate)

47
Q

What does increase PCO2 cause?

A

Mild Bronchodilation

Respiratory System & CVS Physiology Year 1 (58 decks)

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