Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SM Endocrine > Introduction to the Endocrine System > Flashcards

Introduction to the Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

Ductless endocrine glands occurring at numerous locations in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is communication achieved between glands and other tissues

A

By secretion of a hormone into the blood stream and transport to a target site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what 3 ways is specificity of signalling achieved

A
  1. Chemically distinct hormones
  2. Specific receptors for wach hormone
  3. Distinct distribution of receptors across target cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the 3 endocrines in the brain

A

Pineal
Hypotahlamus
Pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the 2 endocrines in the Neck

A

Parthyroid

Thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the 2 endocrines in the abdomen

A

Adrenal gland and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 3 other endocrines depending on the sex of the patient

A

Testes
Ovaries
Placenta in pregnant females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name the 6 overall functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Regulation of nutrient metabolism and H2O and electrolyte balance
  2. Enabling changes to stress
  3. Promoting growth and development
  4. Controlling reproduction
  5. Regulating red blood cell production
  6. Controlling and integrating the activities of the cardiovascular and digestive systems (co-operation with the autonomic nervous system)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is cortisol

A

A chronic stress hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 main classes of hormones

A

Glycoproteins and peptides
Steroids
Tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the most diverse class of hormones

A

Glycoproteins and peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give two examples of hormones in the proteins and peptide class

A

Oxytocin and insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from

A

Cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give 2 examples of steroid hormones

A

Cortisol and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give 3 examples of Tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives

A

Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Thyroid hormones
Melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are amines synthesised, stored and released

A

Pre synthesised
Stored in vesicles and released in response to stimuli by Calcium dependent exocytosis
They are hydrophilic and are transported mainly “free” in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are peptides and proteins synthesised, stored and released

A

Pre-synthesised usually from a longer precursor, stored in vesicles, released in response to stimuli by Ca2+ dependent exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are peptides transported

A

They are hydrophilic and are mainly “free” in the plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How are steroid synthesised and stored?

A

They are synthesised and secreted on demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the rate limiting step in sterois

A

Rate of conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are steroids released and transported

A

Steroids are hydrophobic and are transported in plasma main young to plasma proteins - only free is biologically active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the solubility of steroids and thyroxine in plasma

A

Relatively insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do carrier proteins do

A

Increase the amount transported in blood and prevent rapid excretion by preventing filtration at the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some of the specific carrier proteins

A

Cortisol-binding globulin (CBG)
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does CBG do

A

Binds cortisol in a selective manner (also some aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does TBG do

A

binds thryoxine (T4) selectively (also some triiodothyronine (T3)

27
Q

What does SSBG do

A

Binds mainly testosterone and estradiol

28
Q

What are some of the general carrier proteins

A

Albumin and Transtyhyretin

29
Q

What does albumin do

A

Binds many steroids and thyroxine

30
Q

What does Transthyretin do

A

Binds thyroxine and some steroids

31
Q

Describe the solubility of proteins and peptides in plasma

A

The are soluble

32
Q

Why do proteins and peptides not require carrier proteins for transport

A

Due to their soluble nature in plasma

33
Q

What do carrier proteins act as

A

A buffer and reservoir that helps to maintain relatively constant concentrations of free lipophilic hormone in the blood - free and bound hormone are in equilibrium

34
Q

What type of hormones can cross the capillary wall to activate receptors in target tissues

A

Free hormones

35
Q

What are surges in hormone secretion buffered by

A

Binding to carriers - free concentration does not rise abruptly

36
Q

A free hormone removed from plasma by elimination is replaced by what

A

Bound hormone dissociating from carrier protein

37
Q

What is the primary determinant of plasma concentration

A

Rate of secretion

38
Q

Secretion is subect to several controls. What are the 2 main controls

A

Negative feedback
Neuroendrocrine
Diurnal (circadian) rhythm

39
Q

What does negative feedback play a role in

A

Maintains plasma concentration at a set level

40
Q

Where are the 2 main centres for regulating negative feedback control

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

41
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

42
Q

What does the anterior pituitary secrete

A

Adrenocorticotropic homrone

43
Q

What does the adrenal cortex secrete

A

Cortisol

44
Q

What does neuroendocrine play a roll in

A

Elicits a sudden burst in secretion to meet a specific stimulus

45
Q

What is an example of a neuroendocrine control of hormones

A

Stress

46
Q

What is the Diurnal rhythm

A

Secretion rate fluctuates (up and down) as a function of time - entrained to external cues (e.g. night / day)

47
Q

Elimination occurs by several routes - what are the 2 most important

A

Generally metabolism by the liver and excretion by the kidney are the most important.

48
Q

How long does it take for amines e.g. adrenaline to be eliminated

A

Seconds

49
Q

How long does it take for proteins and peptides to be eliminated

A

Minutes

50
Q

How long does it take for steroids and thyroid hormones to be eliminated

A

Hours to days

51
Q

Why doe steroids take much longer to be eliminated

A

Due to the extensive protein binding

52
Q

When are the testosterone level highest

A

In the morning

53
Q

When should testosterone levels be tested

A

First thing in the morning

54
Q

What are the 3 structural and functionally distinct types of hormone receptors

A

G-protein coupled (GPCR)
Receptor kinases
Nuclear receptors

55
Q

How are G protein coupled receptors activated

A

By amines and some proteins/peptides

56
Q

Major signalling pathways involve coupling to what GPCRs

A

Gs, Gi or Gq

57
Q

How are receptor kinases activated

A

by some proteins/ peptides

58
Q

What are nuclear receptors subdivided into

A

Class 1, class 2 and a hybrid class

59
Q

What are the cell surface receptors

A

GPCR and Receptor kinases

60
Q

What are the intracellular receptors

A

Nuclear receptors

61
Q

What is a class 1 nuclear receptor

A

Activated by any steroid hormones - in the absence of activating ligand these are mainly located in the cytoplasm bound to inhibitory heart shock proteins (HSP) - they move to the nucleus when activated

62
Q

What are the class 2 nuclear receptors

A

Activated mostly by lipids - constitutively present in the nucleus

63
Q

What are the hybrid class of nuclear receptors

A

Activated by thyroid hormone (T3) and other substances - similar in function to class 1

SM Endocrine (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions