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SM Endocrine > Imaging of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Imaging of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What imaging technique is best to view the pituitary gland

A

MRI

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2
Q

What plane is best to view the pituitary on CT

A

Axial

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3
Q

What structure does the pituitary gland sit in

A

The sella turcica

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4
Q

What connects the brain and the pituitary gland

A

Pituitary stal

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5
Q

What lies immediately posterior to the pituitary

A

The optic chiasm

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6
Q

What is found lateral to the pituitary gland

A

Carotid arteries

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7
Q

The pituitary gland is inferior to what structure

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What is sometimes describes as a snowman on MRI

A

Pituitary macroadenoma

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9
Q

What is the most common problem affecting the pituitary gland

A

micro-adenoma

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10
Q

What do micro-adenomas do to the pituitary

A

Alter the endocrine function but do not cause compression symptoms
e.g. high prolactin

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11
Q

Why do thyroid images not always require IV contrast

A

They still return a relatively high attenuation compared to other structures

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12
Q

The thyroid gland is superficial to the strap muscles. True or false ?

A

False it is deep to them

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13
Q

What structures appear larger on CT, internal jugular veins or common carotid arteries

A

Internal jugular veins

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14
Q

What structures are at risk in thyroid surgery

A

Parathyroid glands and

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

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15
Q

What does the Right recurrent larygenal nerve swoop round

A

The right subclavian artery

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16
Q

What does the Left recurrent larygenal nerve swoop round

A

The aortic arch

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17
Q

If the patient has been diagnosed with something, is there any point in imaging?

A

Yes - to establish the origin of the problem - whether it is diffuse or focal

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18
Q

What are some Diffuse causes of hypothyroidism

A

Grave’s

Thyroiditis

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19
Q

What are some focal causes of hypothyroidism

A

Dominant nodule

20
Q

What scans are performed to differentiate between diffuse and focal

A

Ultrasound and Radioisotope studies

21
Q

What type of structures are adrenal glands

A

Retroperitoneal

22
Q

What are adrenal glands seen as in CT scans

A

Y shaped structures

23
Q

What imaging technique is best to view the adrenal glands

A

MRI in axial or coronal planes

24
Q

What are the two limbs of the adrenal glands

A

Medial and lateral

25
Q

The right adrenal lies posterior to what structure

A

IVC

26
Q

Adrenal metastasis are most commonly seen in what type of cancer

A

Lung

27
Q

If there is fat present in a CT scan of an adrenal gland, what is this highly suggestive of ?

A

Adenoma

28
Q

What is the diaphysis of a bone

A

Shaft

29
Q

What is the metaphysis of a bone

A

Changing part of the bone (flared part)

30
Q

What is the epiphysis of a bone

A

Cartilaginous part that sits on top of the bone

31
Q

Describe the cortex of bone

A

densely packed bone

32
Q

Describe the medulla of bone

A

Cylindrical central part of the bone

33
Q

Describe the trabeculae of bone

A

Thin white lines that make up the normal pattern of bone

34
Q

What is poorly seen in MRI scans

A

Trabeculae and medullary bone

35
Q

What do we not see very well on radiographs unless it is diseased

A

Periosteum

36
Q

What do osteoblasts replace the cartilage with

A

Osteoid

37
Q

What do asteroids mineralise to form

A

Bony trabeculae

38
Q

Where do cartilaginous bones ossify (primarily and then secondarily)

A

Primarily - diaphysis

Secondarily - epiphysis

39
Q

What are some common diffuse bone abnormality

A

Osteoporosis
Rickets
Pagets
fibrous displasia

40
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Brielle bones that are prone to fracture due to a reduction in trabecular density

41
Q

What is a pathological fracture

A

Normal force through an abnormal bone

42
Q

What are some secondary causes of osteoporosis

A

Steroids
Early menopause
Anorexia

43
Q

What conditions result in soft bones

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Paget’s disease

44
Q

What causes Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency

45
Q

How do patients normally present with Rickets

A

Bowed legs and at the age of starting to walk

46
Q

What causes Paget’s disease

A

Increased bone turnover with unknown cause / origin

SM Endocrine (27 decks)

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