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Scientific and Statistical Reasoning > Introduction to statistical reasoning > Flashcards

Introduction to statistical reasoning Flashcards

1
Q

research process

A
  • initial observation
  • generate theory
  • generate hypotheses
  • collect data to test theory
  • analyse data

kijken naar figuur en overtekenen nog!!! in schrift, pen was op (studentwiki, lecture 2)

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2
Q

independent variable =

A

a variable that is thought to be the cause of some effect (experimenter manipulates this)

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3
Q

dependent variable =

A

a variable that is thought to be affected by changes of the independent variable (outcome)

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4
Q

predictor variable =

A

a variable that is thought to predict an outcome variable (een independent variable is een van de predictor variables)

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5
Q

level of measurement: 2 types

A

categorical and numerical

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6
Q

categorical =

A

qualitative: divided into distinct categorieso

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7
Q

voorbeelden categorical

A
  • binary
  • nominal (more than two categories, not in order)
  • ordinal (categories in order)
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8
Q

numerical =

A

quantitative, echt alleen nummers

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9
Q

continous voorbeelden

A
  • interval (equal intervals represent equal differences)
  • ratio (ratios also make sense: een score van 16 op anxiety scale is dubbel zoveel anxiety als iemand met score van 8). scale must have a meaningful zero point for this!!!
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10
Q

wat voor measurement is likert variable

A

ordinal

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11
Q

oke dus measurement levels de eerste

A

categorical (qualitative) & numerical (quantitative)

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12
Q

soorten categorical =

A

nominal (geen order) en ordinal (wel order)

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13
Q

soorten numerical =

A
  • discrete (steps, only particular numbers)
  • continuous (kunnen alle nummers zijn)
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14
Q

soorten discrete

A
  • nominal (nummers voor classification purposes: dus 0 voor man, 1 voor vrouw)
  • ordinal (heeft een waarde: 1 voor lage SES, 2 voor middel SES etc)
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15
Q

soorten continous=

A
  • interval
  • ratio (met zero point, 2x zoveel score is 2x zo veel effect)

Interval variable: Equal intervals on the variable represent equal
differences in the property being measured (e.g., the difference between 6 and 8 is equivalent to the difference between 13 and 15).

Ratio variable: The same as an interval variable, but the ratios of scores on the scale must also make sense (e.g., a score of 16 on ananxiety scale means that the person is, in reality, twice as anxious as someone scoring 8). For this to be true, the scale must have a meaningful zero point.

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16
Q

measurement error=

A

discrepancy between the thing we are measurng and the actual value of the thing we are measuring

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17
Q

criterion validity =

A

evidence that scores from an instrument correspond with (concurrent validity) or predict (predictive validity) external measures conceptually related to the measured construct

dus is het gelijk aan de criterion van andere testen?

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18
Q

concurrent validity=

A

a form of criterion validity where there is evidence that scores from an instrument
correspond to concurrently recorded external measures conceptually related to the
measured construct

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19
Q

content validity=

A

does the content of the test correspond to the content it was designed to cover?

20
Q

predictive validity =

A

a form of criterion validity where there is evidence that scores from an instrument
predict external measures (recorded at a different point in time) conceptually related
to the measured construct.

21
Q

dus twee vormen van criterion validity=

A

predictive & concurrent validity

22
Q

reliability =

A

zijn de resultaten repliceerbaar? hoeveel measurement errors en noise is opgetreden?

23
Q

test-retest reliability =

A

will the same group of people tested twice get the same results?

24
Q

david hume said to infer cause and effect…

A
  • cause and effect should occur close in time: continuity
  • cause must occur before the effect does: priority
  • the effect should never occur without the presence of the cause: exclusivity
25
Q

tertium quid problem=

A

an unidentified third element that is in combination with two known ones. ook wel confounding

26
Q

wat heeft john stuart mill er door confounding variables bij gezegd

A

dat causality alleen infered kan worden through comparison of two controlled situations: one in which the cause is present and one in which the cause is absent (=experiment)

27
Q

two methods of data collection

A

between-groups/between subjects/independent design

within-subject/repeated measures

28
Q

two types of variation

A

unsystemic: random factors that exist between the experimental conditions

systemic: when the experimenter does something in one condition but not in the other

29
Q

2 sources of systematic variation in experiments

A
  • practice effects
  • boredom effects (tired/bored)
30
Q

hoe kan je deze systematic variation tegengaan

A

door counterbalancing the order in which a person participates in a condition

31
Q

5 statistics of a quantitative variable

A
  1. mean
  2. standard deviation
  3. skewness (direction and degree)
  4. kurtosis: thickness of the tails
  5. z scores
32
Q

frequency distribution ander woord

A

histogram

33
Q

2 ways in which a graph can deviate from a normal distribution

A
  1. skew (lack of symmetry)
  2. pointiness (kurtosis)
34
Q

hoe interpreteer je skew

A

hoe dichter bij de nul, hoe kleiner de skew. hoe verder weg (negatief of positief), hoe meer geskewed

35
Q

hoe heet een distribution met positive kurtosis en wat is het

A

leptokurtic distribution: veel scores in de tails.

36
Q

hoe heet een distribution met negative kurtosis en wat is het

A

platykurtic: dun in de tails, flatter than normal

37
Q

hoe heet een normale kurtosis

A

mesokurtic

38
Q

hoe de kurtosis interpreteren

A

alleen positieve getallen.

> 2 is high positive
1-2 moderate positive
0.5-1 weak positive
0-0.5 zero kurtosis

39
Q

mode=

A

the score that occurs most frequently

40
Q

hoe heet het als meerdere getallen het vaakste voorkomen

A

bimodel = 2 getallen
multimodel = meerdere getallen

41
Q

median =

A

the middle score, when scores are ranked in order of magnitude

42
Q

disadvantage of the mean

A
  • can be influenced by extreme scores
  • can be influenced by skewed distributions
  • only with interval or ratio data
43
Q

advantage of the mean, tov median en mode

A

-de mean gebruikt alle getallen ipv focussen op 1
-mean tends to be stable in different samples

44
Q

range disadvantage

A

extremely easily influenced by extremes

45
Q

hoe fix je dat de range zo beinvloedt wordt door extreme scores

A

interquartile range gebruiken. -> split the data into four equal parts.
median = second quartile

46
Q
A

Scientific and Statistical Reasoning (11 decks)

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