Halpern en Willingham Flashcards
Critical thinking is
the use of those cognitive skills or strategies
that increase the probability of a desirable outcome.
Critical thinking is more than
merely thinking about your own thinking or making judgments and solving
problems-it is effortful and consciously controlled.
oke
wat is nondirected/automatic thinking
daydreaming, getting up in de morning, taking usual route to school.
noncritical thinking voorbeelden
recall of information or the failure to consider evidence that might support a conclusion that you do not like.
wat is het doel van cognitive process instruction
utilize the knowledge we have accumulated about human thinking processes and mechanisms in ways that can help people improve how they think
4 parts of critical thinking
- Explicitly learn the skills of critical thinking.
- Develop the disposition for effortful thinking and learning.
- Direct learning activities in ways that increase the probability of
transcontextual transfer (structure training). - Make metacognitive monitoring explicit and overt
when will people think more carefully about their choices?
motivation for accuracy
welke soorten motivatie heb je
- Accuracy motivation
- Defense motivation
- Impression motivation
wanneer zijn mensen meer inclined to elaborate
people are more inclined to elaborate on
congruent information and thus form an even more polarised opinion
wanneer heb je meer elaboration
bij high motivation en capacity
waarom doen we aan reasoning?
- Reasoning serves a social function
- People try to justify their actions and decisions using reasons
- People are better in assessing other people’s reasons then in constructing their own
representative heuristic =
The representativeness heuristic reflects the tendency to asses the
similarity between two entities as a proxy for a judgment about likelihood
normative vs intuitive judgement
normative = deductively valid arguments, conditional probabilities and maximizing expected utility
intuitive = heuristics, use info given as an anchor and adjust
verschil conjunction en dysjunction
conjunction = bob likes apples. bob likes oranges. therefore bob likes apples and oranges
dysjunction = een land is of communistisch, of kapitalistisch.
welke is sufficient en welke is necessary?
P -> Q
P = sufficient for Q
Q = necessary for P
wat is de logical equivalence of P -> Q
not P unless Q
not Q not Q
conditional proof =
we ask ourselves whether there is a possible situation in which an argument’s premises are true but its conclusion false
contraposition =
P->Q
if not Q than not P
a critical thinker will have the following attitudes:
- willingness to plan
- flexibility
- persistence
- willingness to correct errors
- being mindful
- consensus seeking
willingness to plan =
plan how you will think and act.
self regulation is important in learning -> critical thinkers are self-regulated learners
wat bedoelen we met self regulation
feedback, monitoring comprehension, assessing progress towards a goal,
and making judgments about how well something is learned
flexibility =
Cognitive flexibility is
the ability to change how we think about something-to see things from
another person’s point of view, consider multiple options, think of several
ways to respond, and seek information that may not be readily available
