Halpern en Willingham Flashcards
Critical thinking is
the use of those cognitive skills or strategies
that increase the probability of a desirable outcome.
Critical thinking is more than
merely thinking about your own thinking or making judgments and solving
problems-it is effortful and consciously controlled.
oke
wat is nondirected/automatic thinking
daydreaming, getting up in de morning, taking usual route to school.
noncritical thinking voorbeelden
recall of information or the failure to consider evidence that might support a conclusion that you do not like.
wat is het doel van cognitive process instruction
utilize the knowledge we have accumulated about human thinking processes and mechanisms in ways that can help people improve how they think
4 parts of critical thinking
- Explicitly learn the skills of critical thinking.
- Develop the disposition for effortful thinking and learning.
- Direct learning activities in ways that increase the probability of
transcontextual transfer (structure training). - Make metacognitive monitoring explicit and overt
when will people think more carefully about their choices?
motivation for accuracy
welke soorten motivatie heb je
- Accuracy motivation
- Defense motivation
- Impression motivation
wanneer zijn mensen meer inclined to elaborate
people are more inclined to elaborate on
congruent information and thus form an even more polarised opinion
wanneer heb je meer elaboration
bij high motivation en capacity
waarom doen we aan reasoning?
- Reasoning serves a social function
- People try to justify their actions and decisions using reasons
- People are better in assessing other people’s reasons then in constructing their own
representative heuristic =
The representativeness heuristic reflects the tendency to asses the
similarity between two entities as a proxy for a judgment about likelihood
normative vs intuitive judgement
normative = deductively valid arguments, conditional probabilities and maximizing expected utility
intuitive = heuristics, use info given as an anchor and adjust
verschil conjunction en dysjunction
conjunction = bob likes apples. bob likes oranges. therefore bob likes apples and oranges
dysjunction = een land is of communistisch, of kapitalistisch.
welke is sufficient en welke is necessary?
P -> Q
P = sufficient for Q
Q = necessary for P
wat is de logical equivalence of P -> Q
not P unless Q
not Q not Q
conditional proof =
we ask ourselves whether there is a possible situation in which an argument’s premises are true but its conclusion false
contraposition =
P->Q
if not Q than not P
a critical thinker will have the following attitudes:
- willingness to plan
- flexibility
- persistence
- willingness to correct errors
- being mindful
- consensus seeking
willingness to plan =
plan how you will think and act.
self regulation is important in learning -> critical thinkers are self-regulated learners
wat bedoelen we met self regulation
feedback, monitoring comprehension, assessing progress towards a goal,
and making judgments about how well something is learned
flexibility =
Cognitive flexibility is
the ability to change how we think about something-to see things from
another person’s point of view, consider multiple options, think of several
ways to respond, and seek information that may not be readily available
persistence =
doorgaan, blijven volhouden.
ook de willingness to start or engage in a thoughtful task
waar is self-justification onderdeel van
van mensen die niet willing to self correct zijn. dit is wel belangrijk
It is interesting to note that the general public usually does not like it when
a public figure changes his or her mind, especially when the change is away
from a conclusion that was popular. However, if a person is open to a fair
evaluation of new information, sometimes that information will lead to a
different conclusion. It would be foolish to hold to an old conclusion or
belief when it is no longer warranted.
oke
being mindful =
“the simple act of drawing novel distinctions”
(p. 220). It is the opposite of the “automatic pilot” that we use for routine
tasks
consensus seeking
seek ways in which consensusamong group members can be achieved.
daardoor ook compromise
metacognition=
Metacognition refers to our knowledge of what we know (or what we
kno””. about what we know) and the use of this knowledge to direct further
learn_mg activities.
rational =
internally consistent
transivity=
relatie tussen eerste en tweede, en dan tussen tweede en derde betekent ook een relatie tussen eerste en derde
prefer apple pie to cheesecake and cheese cake to chocolate cake, dan prefer je ook apple pie to chocolate cake
normative =
some choices are better than others, usually that one choice is considered better than the rest (bv bij maximized expected utility)
utility=
the personal value we attach to the outcomes, rather to their monetary value
(ja, msischien kan je 10 euro expected value in de loterij winnen, maar als je broke bent en honger hebt koop je liever een broodje)
description invariance =
people will consistenly make the same choice, irrespective of how the problem is described to them
procedure invariance =
people will consistently make the same choice, irrespective of how their preference for that choice is measured.
psychic budgets=
how we mentally categorize money that we have spent, or are contemplating spending
sunk cost=
investment that is irretrievably spend and therefore should not affect present decision making.
loss aversion=
the unpleasantness of loss is larger than the pleasure of a similar gain
3 processes if people would make decisions rationally
descriptive invariance and procedure invariance
satisficing=
people select the first choice that is above some threshold
representativeness=
by comparing an event to a prototype or stereotype that we already have in mind.
als iemand een suit en tie heeft -> lawyer
availability heuristics
mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic
anchoring and adjustment=
a cognitive heuristic where a person starts off with an initial idea and adjusts their beliefs based on this starting point
welke kaart moet je kiezen bij de Wason card selection problem
je moet zoeken naar de kaart die de regel kan disproven.
dus dan zoek je naar not Q. ook wel 3 in dit voorbeeld
waarom werkt de beer-under 19 variant beter
omdat dit minder abstract, meer concrete is, en meer familiar.
pragmatic reasoning schemas=
generalized sets of rules that are defined in relation to goals.
welk schema was belangrijk
het permission schema, ‘you have to have ……’
familiarity with the content is neither necessary nor sufficient for successful reasoning
oke
syllogism =
an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two given or assumed propositions (premises); a common or middle term is present in the two premises but not in the conclusion, which may be invalid
dingen die fout gaan bij syllogism
- conversion error
- conversational implicature
- atmosphere created
- influence by prior beliefs
conversion error=
reverse terms that should not be reversed
conversational implicature =
bijvoorbeeld het woord some betekent one, if not all.
atmosphere created =
als bijvoorbeeld alles negatief staat lijkt het alsof dat goed is.
voorbeeld atmosphere created:
No As are Bs. Some As are Bs.
No Bs are Cs. Some Bs are Cs.
No As are Cs. Some As are Cs
deze zijn beiden fout!!!
atmoshpere accounts for about… of the responses in multiple choice
50%
