Critical Thinking ch1 Flashcards
Rhetoric
Any verbal or written attempt to persuade someone to believe, desire or do something that does not attempt to give good reasons for the belief, desire or action, but attempts to motivate that belief, desire or action by other means.
Rhetoric tends to rely on the persuasive power of certain words and verbal techniques to influence your beliefs, desires and actions just by appealing to your desires, fears and other feelings
3 elements of analysing arguments
- identify
- reconstruct
- evaluate
verschil tussen een unsupported claim en een argument
een argument is een claim met nog een andere claim die dit support.
- You should hand in your assignment on time.
- You should hand in your assignment on time. If you don’t, you’ll get a penalty, or maybe even zero marks.
An argument=
A set of propositions of which one is a conclusion and the remainder are premises, intended as support for the conclusion
A proposition=
The factual content expressed by a declarative sentence on a particular occasion.
The same proposition may be expressed by different sentences!!!!
For example, ‘Her name is Sheila’ expresses the same proposition as ‘She is called Sheila’.
wat is het met propositions
The same proposition can be expressed by different sentences when we change the personal pronoun. For instance, if Henri says to Erik, ‘You look like you could do with a rest’ and Erik replies, ‘Yes, I really do need a bit of a break’, then they each utter different sentences, but they express the same proposition, namely that Erik needs a rest.
Conversely, the same sentence can express different propositions depending (among other things) on who utters it. For instance, if Muhammad Ali (boxer),
John McEnroe (tennis player) and Pele (footballer) were each to utter the sentence, ‘I am the greatest sportsman of all time’, they would each express a different proposition, one about Ali, McEnroe and Pele respectively
dus andere zinnen -> zelfde proposition
dezelfde zin -> andere proposition
wat heeft een argument altijd
een conclusion. de rest zijn premises!
hoe heet de vorm van argument = premises + conclusion
standard form
5 steps for reconstructing arguments
- Identify the conclusion.
- Identify the premises.
- Number the premises and write them out in order.
- Draw in the inference bar.
- Write out the conclusion, placing ‘C’ in front of it.
extended arguments=
A single text or speech may contain several arguments for several different but connected conclusions. Sometimes we argue for one point, then a second, and then use those conclusions as premises in an argument for a third and final conclusion.
welke woorden voor argument -> conclusie
- Therefore
- Hence
- Thus
- It can be concluded that
- So
- implies
- proves
- establishes
- shows
welke woorden voor conclusie -> argument
- because
- for
- follows from the fact that
- is established by
- is implied by
- since
- My reason is …
- My evidence for this is …
- This is so because …
laat je indicator words in de standard form
nee!!!
Indicator words are not parts of the propositions that the argument comprises; rather they introduce or frame the conclusion and premises. So when we write
arguments in standard form so as to reconstruct them, we omit the conclusion indicator words from our reconstruction
implicit conclusion =
these conclusions sometimes remain unexpressed. They are only implied or suggested by the actual text or speech content, not explicitly expressed by it. This usually happens when the speaker or writer thinks that
the context is sufficient to make the conclusion obvious so that it literally ‘goes without saying’
6 rules for identifying premises
- what is the evidence
- premises and conclusions can be about literally any subject
- In most real examples of writing and speech, arguments are embedded within other language that is not intended as part of the argument itself, although
some of this language may be used rhetorically - premises indicator words
- when writing out the premises of an argument in standard form, take care not to include the indicator words, as they are not part of the propositions that make up the argument!!!
- context is belangrijk om naar te kijken
