Introduction to SSR and elements of arguments

Question 1

argument =

Answer 1

attempts to persuade people, to influence beliefs and actions by giving reasons to

Question 2

waar bestaat een argument uit

Answer 2

• a set of propositions: one is a conclusion, the remainders are premises intended to support the conclusion

Question 3

proposition =

Answer 3

factual content that is expressed by a declarative sentence on a particular occasion

Question 4

the same proposition can…

Answer 4

be expressed by different sentences!

Question 5

critical thinking =

Answer 5

thinking that is purposeful, reasoned and goal directed.

Question 6

critical disposition=

Answer 6

the ability to think about propositions and use ones thinking skills to decide whether arguments presented are legitimate and convincing, or not

Question 7

waarom waarschijnlijk weinig critical thinking

Answer 7

door de overlading aan informatie, als je over alles kritisch na moet denken kost dat veel te veel moeite (maar tegelijkertijd zijn mensen ook hoger opgeleid dan vroeger, dus meer capabel om kritisch na te denken)

Question 8

rhetoric =

Answer 8

any verbal or written attempt to persuade someone to believe, desire or do something that does not attempt to give good reasons for the belief/desire/action, but attempts to motivate that belief/desire/action through the power of words.

Question 9

analysing attempts to persuade: 3 steps

Answer 9

1. identify (is the person attempting to persuade?)
2. reconstructing (the argument -> demonstrate the steps and form of reasoning)
3. evaluation (what is good about the persuasion and what not)

Question 10

5 steps for reconstructing arguments

Answer 10

1. identify conclusion
2. identify the premises
3. number the premises and write them out in order
4. draw in the inference bar
5. write out the conclusions

Question 11

hoe kan je conclusies herkennen

Answer 11

hence, thus etc.

maar dit is niet onderdeel van de propositions.

Question 12

hoe identificeer je een premisis

Answer 12

what are the persons reasons for believing their conclusion

Question 13

extraneous material

Answer 13

materiaal dat niet perse een rol speelt in het argument zelf: bijvoorbeeld indicator woorden (thus, daarom)

Question 14

wat is het verschil tussen een argument en een uitleg

Answer 14

explanation: the speaker assumes that their audience already accept a proposition, and the speaker has no need to persuade the audience of this fact

Question 15

4 steps to identify conclusions

Answer 15

1. understand what the main point of the text is
2. rewrite premises that are unclear
3. identify extended arguments
4. recognise the argument (look for words such as therefore, hence, thus)

Question 16

intermediate conclusions =

Answer 16

when the conclusion of an argument may itself serve as a premise for another argument etc.

Question 17

3 steps to determine whether an argument is good or not

Answer 17

1. is an argument even presented?
2. reconstruct: show the steps of the reasoning
3. evaluate the argument