Critical Thinking ch3

Question 1

propositions=

Answer 1

a set of premises advanced in support
of a conclusion.

an argument is a system of propositions

Question 2

‘Sally is an artist, so she has some paintbrushes’, the arguer is probably using the rather vague term ‘artist’ in the narrow sense of ‘painter’. In the wider sense of ‘artist’ that includes sculptors and even actors and pop musicians, this would obviously be a bad argument. Furthermore, the arguer is assuming, without explicitly stating, that someone’s being a painter is reason to think they have paintbrushes. So two sorts of thing are left implicit in this argument: first, the arguer assumes a more precise meaning than is explicitly expressed
by the word ‘artist’; second, the arguer fails to make explicit all the facts from
which he or she infers the conclusion. A premise is left implicit.

Answer 2

oke

Question 3

Argument-reconstruction is essentially a task of …

Answer 3

interpretation

Question 4

principle of charity=

Answer 4

we moeten argumenten met de meest rationele persuasiveness voor de relevante audience reconstructen

If what matters to you is whether or not the conclusion of the person’s argument is true, then you should choose the best representation of the argument.

maar… natuurlijk niet te ver gaan.

Question 5

deductive validity = synoniem

Answer 5

validity. dus validity is gewoon sowieso deductive

gaat over logisch

Question 6

(deductive) validity=

Answer 6

if the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true.

Question 7

andere interpretatie van deductive validity

Answer 7

it would be impossible for the premises to be true, but the conclusion false.

Question 8

the concept of validity pertains to the connection between the possible truth-values premises and conclusion of an argument, not their actual truth-values considered individually.

Answer 8

oke

Question 9

dus waar gaat validity over: hele argument of premises

Answer 9

over het gehele argument, de structuur

Question 10

Thus, it should be clear that it would be nonsense to say of a single proposition
that it is valid.

Answer 10

oke

Question 11

mogelijkheden voor valid arguments

Answer 11

1 The premises are all (actually) true, and the conclusion is (actually) true.

2 The premises are all (actually) false, and the conclusion is (actually) false.

3 The premises are all (actually) false, and the conclusion is (actually) true.

4 Some of the premises are (actually) true, some are (actually) false and the
conclusion is (actually) true.

5 Some of the premises are (actually) true, some are (actually) false and the
conclusion is (actually) false.

Question 12

wanneer is een argument invalide

Answer 12

als de premises true zijn maar de conclusion is false

Question 13

prescriptive claims =

Answer 13

desires, norms, moral rules.

you should, ought, need etc

Question 14

descriptive claims =

Answer 14

factual

Question 15

if its raining, then its cloudy.

wat is sufficient en wat is necessary

Answer 15

rain is a sufficient condition of clouds

clouds are a necessary condition of rain

Question 16

• It is raining only if it is cloudy.
• Either it is cloudy, or it is not raining.
• It is not raining unless it is cloudy.
• If it is not cloudy, then it is not raining.
• It is not raining if it is not cloudy.
• It is cloudy if it is raining.

Answer 16

echt goed doornemen aub.

Question 17

Either I sweat, or I don’t exercise

Answer 17

is goed!!!

want:

of p, of niet p en dan niet q

Question 18

straw person/target =

Answer 18

This fallacy occurs when, in attempting to refute another person’s argument, you address only a weak or distorted version of it. Straw person is the misrepresentation of an opponent’s position or a competitor’s product to tout one’s own argument or product as superior.

John and Mary are having a heated debate about getting vaccinated. Mary argues that she doesn’t want to get vaccinated, because untested medical procedures involve taking a lot of risk, and therefore we should be careful about undergoing such procedures. John responds by first reconstructing Mary’s argument:

P1 Medical procedures are frightening
P2 Getting vaccinated is a medical procedure
P3 We should avoid all frightening stuff
———————————————————–
C We should avoid getting vaccinated

John then goes on to argue that Mary is wrong about not getting vaccinated, given that P3 is clearly not true.

What type of pseudoreasoning is John using to argue that Mary is wrong about not getting vaccinated?

Question 19

A conditional is said to be true or false, rather than valid or invalid

Answer 19

oke

Question 20

wat is het verschil tussen een conditional en een argument

Answer 20

1. A conditional is one proposition that comprises two propositions as parts, joined by ‘if-then’ or a similar device. An argument cannot consist of just one proposition. It needs at least two.
2. A conditional does not assert either its
   antecedent or its consequent (dus, het is niet zeker). An argument asserts its premises and its conclusion.

Question 21

dus conditional en argument in het voorbeeld van regen met cloud

Answer 21

conditional: If it is cloudy, then it is raining

argument: It is raining. Therefore, it is cloudy.

Question 22

en wat dan in dit voorbeeld?

P1) If Labour does not change its platform, it will not attract new supporters.
P2) If Labour does not attract new supporters, it will lose the next election.
C) If Labour does not change its platform, then it will lose the next election

Answer 22

dit is een argument met een conditional conclusion en conditional premises.

Question 23

wat is het verschil hierbij:

A P1) Susan is a marathon runner.
P2) Susan eats well and sleeps well.
C) Susan is healthy.
B P1) Willy is in the music club.
P2) No member of the music club plays jazz.
C) Willy does not play jazz.

Answer 23

bij A supporten de premises de conclusion individually.

bij B, neither premise supports C by itself, they need to be combined.

Question 24

wat betekent het als een argument deductively sound is

Answer 24

To say that an argument is deductively sound is to say: the argument is valid,
and all its premises are (actually) true.

dus valid en premises are all true!!

Question 25

waar staat P unless Q voor

Answer 25

if not Q, then P

dus dan wordt het diagram:

not q - p

Question 26

P1) If P then Q.
P2) P.
C) Q

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 26

modus ponens

Question 27

P1) If P then Q.
P2) Not-Q.
C) Not-P.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 27

modus tollens

Question 28

dus wat is modus ponens en wat is modus tollens

Answer 28

modus ponens = P -> Q, P dus Q

modus tollens = P -> Q, niet Q dus niet P

Question 29

P1) P or Q.
P2) Not-P.
C) Q.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 29

disjunctive syllogism

Question 30

P1) P or Q.
P2) If P then R.
P3) If Q then R.
C) R.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 30

argument by cases

Question 31

P1) If P then Q.
P2) If Q then R.
P3) If R then S.
C) If P then S.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 31

chain

Question 32

dus wat is het verschil tussen disjunctive syllogism en argument by cases

Answer 32

gaat beiden over P or Q.

DS: if not P = not Q, if not Q = not P

AC: if P then R, if Q then R. = R

Question 33

¬ betekenis

Answer 33

not

Question 34

wat is het verschil tussen

¬ P & Q

en

¬ (P & Q)

Answer 34

¬ P & Q -> P is niet true, Q wel

¬ (P & Q) -> P en Q kunnen niet beiden waar zijn

Question 35

P1) All P are Q.
P2) All R are P.
C) All R are Q.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 35

categorical syllogism

Question 36

P1) No P are Q.
P2) Some R are P.
C) Some R are not-Q.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 36

categorical syllogism

en deze is valid ja

Question 37

P1) All P are Q.
P2) Some R are not-P.
C) Some R are not-Q.

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 37

categorical syllogism.
deze is NIET valid.

Question 38

oke regels van de venn diagram

Answer 38

grijs gekleurd is BESTAAT NIET
stippeltjes is at least some
de ‘all’ of ‘no’ premises moeten eerst!!
niet de conclusion in de diagram zetten, maar kijken of deze er uit komt.

goed kijken naar of er nog een mogelijkheid is. dan is hij valide als de conclusie deze zegt. als er meerdere zijn, is hij niet valide

Question 39

P1) P or Q.
P2) Not-Q.
C) P

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 39

disjunctive syllogism

Question 40

P1) P or Q.
P2) Q.
C) not P

hoe heet deze argument vorm

Answer 40

dit is invalide!!!! want het kan ook beiden P en Q zijn.

dus deze vorm van disjunctive syllogism kan alleen als hij eindigt op P of Q. Niet niet-P of niet-Q

Question 41

als je iets van all of only ziet, vaak invalid

Answer 41

okeee soms niet tho

Question 42

hoe kan je not P -> unless Q omschrijven naar unless

Answer 42

P -> Q

if not Q, then P

Question 43

hoe kan je P -> Q omschrijven naar either its… or its not …

Answer 43

P -> Q
either Q -> or not P

Question 44

goed opletten als je … in de conclusion ziet!!

Answer 44

als je NOT in de conclusion ziet!! vaak kan er dan nog een andere mogelijkheid zijn die helemaal niet besproken wordt in de premises

Question 45

hoe schrijf je only om naar not met P -> Q

Answer 45

only P -> Q
not Q -> not P

Question 46

undistributed middle =

Answer 46

All Z is B
All Y is B
Therefore, all Y is Z

is een fallacy