✅Introduction To Speech Mechanism Flashcards
What is Phonetics?
- The system of speech sounds of a language or group of languages
- A. The study and systematic classification of the sounds made in spoken utterance
B. The practical application of this science to language study.
What are the three types of phonetics?
Articulately, Acoustic and Auditory
What is transcription?
The use of a sound-based alphabet to represent speech sounds
What is phonology?
The study of how sounds function in language
What is a phonological system?
The sounds used in a particular language.
What is phonological structure?
The rules of how sounds are made
What are the three regions of the speech production mechanism?
Articulately/Supra-laryngeal Region
Respiratory/ breathing Region
Laryngeal/ Phonatory Region
What does the articulatory region consist of?
The Oral and Nasal Cavity
What does the Respiratory Region consist of?
Lungs and Diaphragm
What does the laryngeal region consist of?
Larynx, Vocal Folds.
What does both speaking and breathing require?
Air from the lungs
When is inhalation and exhalation equal?
When Breathing
When is inhalation faster than exhalation
When speaking
When is breathing modified?
When speaking
Where does inhalation take place?
Nasal cavity
Where does exhalation take place
Oral cavity
What is considered as breathing with obstacles?
Speech
What does ingressive mean?
Inwards
What does Egressive mean?
Outwards
Pulmonic ——- Airstream
Egressive
What is the total lung capacity?
5-7 litres
What is the vital lung capacity
3.5-5 litres
Quiet tidal volume/ normal quiet breathing , how many litres?
0.5L
What does speech require the louder it gets?
More Air
What are all the parts of the Larynx?
- epiglottis
- Hyoid Bone
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Circoid Cartilage
- Laryngeal Prominence
- Tracheal Cartilages
Describe the Epiglottis
Sits at top of Larynx
No function in speech
Flap of tissue
Seals of larynx in swallowing
What are the three systems involved in speaking called?
Respiratory
Phonatory
Articulatory
What is inspiration when speaking?
Breathing IN
What is expiration when speaking?
Breathing OUT
Where does the air travel when we breathe in?
Down the trachea, bronchi and into the lungs
What is it called when we use air coming from the lungs?
The pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism
What does pulmonic mean?
Lungs
What does egressive mean?
Outward flow
What is the ratio of inspiration to expiration during quiet breathing?
1:1
What is the ratio of inspiration to expiration during speech?
1:8
Where is the larynx situated?
At the top of the trachea
What are the two cartilage in the larynx and what is their purpose?
The thyroid and the Cricoid
They protect the vocal folds
What is the space between the two vocal folds called?
The glottis
What is subglottal?
Part of the vocal tract below the glottis
What is supraglottal?
Part of the vocal tracts above the glottis
When fully open, how much of the trachea is the glottis?
54%
What happens when air travels up the trachea from the lungs?
It must pass from a wider to a narrower area when it reaches the glottis
What must happen to produce voicing?
The vocal folds vibrate
What is the process of voicing ( vocal fold vibration)?
The first meet along the bottom edge and the line of closure then travels upwards. When it reaches the top, the bottom edges are already opening again. This creates a vertical phase difference. Breath escapes during each opening (thus escapes in pulses).
What is pitch?
The frequency of vocal fold vibration
What is different in male and females and what is due to?
Pitch, due not the size of the vocal folds.
What are the measurements of the inner edge of the vocal folds in men and women
Male- 23mm
Female- 18mm
What is the average pitch for males and females?
Males - 100-150Hz
Females- 200-300Hz
What does volume depend on?
The amplitude of vibration of the vocal folds.
Describe how we change our volume?
The further the vocal folds move apart in the open phase, the louder the sound; the smaller the gap, the quieter the sound.
To produce a loud voice, extra pressure is also needed from the lungs.
What is the articulatory system often referred as?
Supra-glottal system
Where is the pharynx?
The chamber above the larynx
What is the pharynx?
Mainly a container of a volume of air which can be set in vibration sympathy with the vibrations of the vocal folds ( this amplifying sound)
Where is the epiglottis?
Sits at the top of the larynx
What is the epiglottis?
It is a flap of tissue which projects into the pharynx at the root of the tongue.
Where does the soft palate (velum) terminate?
In the fleshy uvula
What happens if the velum is raised or lowered?
It closes or opens the entrance to the nasal cavity (velopharyngeal port)
What is the velopharynx?
The nasal cavity
What does the roof of the mouth consist of?
Alveolar ridge, hard palate and soft palate
What determines the size of the oral cavity?
The mandible
What are the four shapes that the lips can make?
- Close rounding
- Open rounding
- Spreading
- Neutral
What is the most flexible organ of speech production?
The tongue
What is the tongue?
A combination of muscles whose base is attached to the hyoid bone
What are the four sections of the tongue?
- The blade – tapering section behind alveolar ridge
- The tip – extreme point of the blade
- Front – part lying under the hard palate
- Back – part lying under the velum