Connected Speech Processes

Question 1

What is elision?

Answer 1

Complete omission/deletion of sounds or syllables

-‘Christmas’
-
-‘evening’
–

Question 2

What does elided mean?

Answer 2

Deleted

Question 3

What sounds are often elided?

Answer 3

T/d - next , reached

nɛks, ɹitʃ

Question 4

What are the rules of elision?

Answer 4

1: /t/ and /d/ must be preceded and followed by a consonant to be elided
2: /t/ and /d/ must be preceded by a consonant with same voicing

Question 5

What is liaison?

Answer 5

‘linking’ (extra) sounds between abutting word-final and word-initial vowels

Question 6

Gives example of linking and intrusive r ( English English)

Answer 6

‘linking’ /r/: beer and wine vs. ‘intrusive’ /r/: India and China

Question 7

What is vowel reduction?

Answer 7

When vowels that are pronounced in words in isolation are changed to a schwa in connected speech.

Question 8

Think of examples of strong and weak forms

Answer 8

–a /ə/ ‘read a book’
–Of /əv/ ‘most of all’
–But /bəʔ/ ‘it’s good but expensive’
–Can /kən/ ‘they can wait’
–From /fɹəm/ ‘I’m home from work’
–Than /δən/ ‘better than ever’
–Your /jəɹ/ ‘take your time’
–Her /əɹ/ ‘I’ve met her’
–To /tə/ ‘try to stop’

Question 9

What is Coarticulation?

Answer 9

When depending on context we produce things a different way or delay certain sound.

Question 10

Are segments ‘autonomous’ in connected speech?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

Why are sounds altered in context?

Answer 11

Context-sensitivity & planning

Question 12

Why do we anticipate?

Answer 12

Because connected speech is rapid, highly co-ordinated movement

Question 13

How much does the tongue tip move?

Answer 13

8 closure p/s

Question 14

How many segments in Normal connected speech?

Answer 14

12-18 segments per second

Question 15

What is the relationship between inertia and mass?

Answer 15

greater the mass,
greater the interia,
greater the delay

Question 16

What does inertia and mass lead to?

Answer 16

CO-PRODUCTION

COARTICULATION
Where articulations overlap

Question 17

What allophonic variations would come under the process of coarticulation?

Answer 17

Nasalisation
Advancement
Retraction
Labialisation
Palatalisation
Velarisation
Devoicing

Question 18

What has happened in [ma˜t] ?

Answer 18

vowel is nasalized (delay of velum moving)

Question 19

What happens in [konz˜]?

Answer 19

fricative is nasalized (delay of velum moving)

Question 20

What has happened in [klosw]?

Answer 20

fricative is labialized (delay of lips moving)

Question 21

What happened in [ko˜m] ?

Answer 21

velum moved in preparation

Question 22

What has happened in [kʲi] ?

Answer 22

tongue moved forward in preparation

Question 23

What features are shared in all segments in coarticulation?

Answer 23

Voicing, place of articulation, nasality, lip position

Question 24

What languages does coarticulation occur?

Answer 24

All

Question 25

What is a summary of co-articulation

Answer 25

One sound influences another next to it (X:Y)

–Usually obligatory (not optional)
–Sounds that are adjacent WITHIN WORDS in normal (fast) connected speech

Question 26

What is co-articulation direction 1?

Answer 26

1.A sound becomes like the following sound (X:Y – Y influences X)
anticipatory, right-to-left, regressive

Question 27

What is co-articulation direction 2?

Answer 27

A sound becomes like the previous sound (X:Y – X influences Y)
perseverative, left to right, progressive

Question 28

What is assimilation?

Answer 28

‘two successive segments become more like one another’ Catford

Phonemes changing to other phonemes

Question 29

What is the first direction of assimilation?

Answer 29

A sound becomes like the following sound:
anticipatory, right-to-left, regressive

• Is she [ɪʒ ʃi]
• Red car [rɛg kaɹ]

Question 30

What effects assimilation?

Answer 30

Place and manner of articulations

Question 31

What is the second direction of assimilation?

Answer 31

A sound becomes like the previous sound

perseverative, left to right, progressive