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HECOL 211 > Introduction to Sexuality > Flashcards

Introduction to Sexuality Flashcards

1
Q

Sex

A

genetic and physical characteristics that differentiate male & female

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2
Q

Gender

A

psychosocial characteristics that differentiate masculinity and femininity

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3
Q

Sexuality

A

the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual aspects of an individual that make up his or her unique sexual being

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4
Q

Beliefs and Values of Sexuality

A

communication (verbal/nonverbal), personality (personal choice), body image, self image, physical expression, socialization (relationships), gender (roles & orientation)

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5
Q

sexuality is mostly a…

A

learned phenomena & has physical, emotional, and spiritual aspects

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6
Q

Foreplay

A

Mutual sexual stimulation that may or may not lead to sex

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7
Q

Dailey (1984) described 5 aspects of sexuality

A
  1. Sensuality
  2. Intimacy
  3. Sexual Identity
  4. Reproduction
  5. Sexualization
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8
Q

Sensuality

A

the need & ability to be aware of and acceptation of our own body

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9
Q

Intimacy

A

the need & ability to experience emotional closeness to another human being

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10
Q

Sexual Intimacy

A

ability to give feedback & be heard in sexual relationships

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11
Q

Sexual Identity

A

the continual process of discovering who we are in terms of our sexuality

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12
Q

Reproduction

A

our values, attitudes & behaviours related to reproduction

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13
Q

Sexualization

A

use of our sexuality to influence, control, manipulate others

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14
Q

Values

A

the qualities in life that are deemed important or unimportant, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable

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15
Q

Moral Values

A

related to our conduct with and treatment of other people, more than just right or wrong. It looks at the whole picture

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16
Q

Sexual Moral Values

A

related to the rightness and wrongness of sexual conduct & when and how sexuality should be expressed

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17
Q

Sources of Sexual Values

A

our sexual values are learned in different ways, at different rates, and with different results
- we acquire our sexual values from our social environment (parents, friends, media, etc)

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18
Q

What are the perspectives of human sexuality?

A
  • historical
  • biological
  • cross-species
  • cross-cultural
  • psychological
  • sociocultural
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19
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: Historical

A

moral and ethical behaviours tied to the supernatural and religion..

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20
Q

Prehistoric — stone age

A

evidence that female body was revered from reproductive ability

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21
Q

Agrarian Society

A

aware of male role in reproduction

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22
Q

phallic worship

A

Worship of the penis as a symbol of generative power

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23
Q

Incest taboo

A

The prohibition against intercourse and reproduction among close blood relatives

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24
Q

Ancient Hebrews

A

positive about marital reproductive sex

- disapproved homosexuality

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25
Q

Ancient Hebrews: permitted but practices

A

permitted polygamy, the vast majority of the Hebrews practised monogamy

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26
Q

Ancient Greeks

A

500-300BC —> valued family life

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27
Q

Ancient Greeks: Male Roles

A

male sexual roles varied, e.g.. pederasty —> admired male bodies and slim, sensual women

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28
Q

pederasty

A

sexual love of boys

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29
Q

Ancient Greeks: what flourished?

A

prostitution flourished and ranged from refined courtesans to concubines

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30
Q

courtesan

A

a prostitute— especially the mistress of a noble or wealthy man

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31
Q

concubines

A

secondary wife, usually of interior legal and social status

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32
Q

Ancient Greeks: viewed men and women as…

A

bisexual

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33
Q

Ancient Romans

A
  • sexual excesses in upper classes
  • male-male threat to family which was strength of society
  • women more involved socially but still property of husbands
  • being bisexual was common
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34
Q

Early Christians

A
  • St. Paul (1st Century)
  • Augustine (4th Century)
  • sex distraction from God
  • marital sex accepted, but not passion (no homosexuality)
  • behaviours non-procreative disapproved
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35
Q

Eastern Religions: Islam

A
  • valued family and pleasure in marital sex
  • punished pre-marital sex
  • double social and sexual standards for men and women
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36
Q

Eastern Religions: China

A
  • sexuality linked to spirituality
  • first manual art of lovemaking
  • wasteful to “spill seed”
  • women kept to domestic role
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37
Q

Eastern Religions: India

A
  • ancient Hindus erotica
  • Kama Sutra code of sexual conduct (3rd-5th Century)
  • sex religious duty
  • more restrictive after 1000AD
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38
Q

Middle Ages (Christianity)

A
  • Western history 1st-15th Century R.C church strong influence
  • Crusaders influenced change from women as sinful (Eve) to revered (Virgin Mary)
  • upper classes courtly love, chivalry and romance
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39
Q

Protestant Reformation: 16th Century

A
  • Luther and Calvin spilt from R.C church
  • priest could marry
  • pleasurable martial sex
  • non-marital sex disapproved
  • women mostly restricted to home until 19th Century
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40
Q

Victorian Period

A
  • sexually repressive on the surface
  • furniture legs covered
  • but behaviours varied
  • prostitution flourished but “proper” women believed not interested - “sexual anaesthesia”
  • mens’ “vital fluids” limited in amount
  • graham crackers
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41
Q

Early 20th Century

A
  • until 1950s believed women did not desire sex
  • double standard
  • sexual scenes in media limited
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42
Q

Sexual Revolution

A
  • mid 60s & mid 70s
  • science, politics, social (fashion, music, media) and economics all part of change
  • the sexual revolution resulted from many economic, social, and political factors
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43
Q

Late 20th Century

A

REVERSE PENDULUM SWING to more conservative attitudes
- open discussion about sexuality, more sexually active teens, AIDS, access to birth control, liberation of women, sex ed… where to from here?

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44
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: Biological

A

Anatomical structures and physiological function of the sexual and reproductive organs — reproductive technology

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45
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: what is possible Biological

A

in interactive with psychosocial aspects regarding what is acceptable or pleasurable

46
Q

the biological perspective focuses on the…

A

roles of genes, hormones, the nervous systems and other biological factors in human sexuality

47
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: Cross-Species

A

Some similarities in human and non-human sexual behaviours… same sex interaction, oral-genital contact, etc… higher mammals

  • less instinct driven & dissension re.role of genes and hormones in male/female, sexual/social behaviours…
  • the study of other animals species places human behaviour in a broader context
  • most mammals use only a rear-entry position for copulation
48
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: Cross-Cultural

A

Learned behaviour unique to particular culture

  • kissing, higher rate of intercourse for young adults, incest taboo and some societal controls almost universal
  • greater variance in attitudes re. same sex, masturbation, monogamy vs. polygamy etc.
49
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: Psychological

A

Psychoanalytic Theory by Freud

  • sexual instinct (id) vs. reason (ego)
  • defence mechanisms
  • developmental stages
  • psychoanalysis
50
Q

Learning Theory by Behaviourists Watson and Skinner…

A

reward and punishment determine behaviour… Social-Learning Theory included effects of cognitive activity including anticipating, planning, etc…, as well as learning by observing others (modeling)

51
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the theory that dispositions toward behaviour patterns that enhance reproductive success may be genetically transmitted
- it suggests that behaviour patterns that favour reproduction are genetically transmitted

52
Q

species vary not only in their physcial characteristics but also in their social behaviour, including their mating behaviour, therefore scientist look to the…

A

the process of evolution and natural selection

Sociocultural

53
Q

evolution

A

the development of a species to its present state, a process that is believed to involve adaptations to its environment

54
Q

natural selection

A

the evolutionary process by which adaptive traits enable embers of a species to survive to reproductive to survive to reproductive age and transmit these to future generations

55
Q

Perspectives on Human Sexuality: Sociocultural

A

Study of sexual behaviours within a given society… differences in sub groups by age, gender, religion, ethnicity, education, etc…

56
Q

Havelock Ellis (1859-1939)

A

An English physician that studies in the Psychology of Sex including problems as psychological, female sexual desires normal and homosexuality acceptable and inborn — most influence and positive

57
Q

Richard von Krafft-Ebbing (1840-1902)

A

influential sexologist and a German psychiatrist, described more than 200 case histories of sexual deviancies in his book “Psychopathia Sexualis”… viewed deviances as mental illnesses that should be treated
- negative impact, he portrayed “different” sex as a mental illness

58
Q

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

A

An Austrian Physician, had the theory of personality based on sex drive as our principle motivating force — positive impact

59
Q

Freud formulated a grand theory of personality termed…

A

psychoanalysis

60
Q

psychoanalysis

A

proposes that human behaviour represents the outcome of closing inner forces

61
Q

Freud proposed that the mind operates on…

A

conscious levels and unconscious levels

62
Q

conscious levels

A

corresponds to our state of present awareness

63
Q

unconscious levels

A

consists of the darker races of the mind that lie outside our direct awareness

64
Q

the ego shields the conscious mind from awareness of our baser sexual & aggressive urges via __1__ such as __2__

A
  1. defence mechanisms

2. repression, the motivated forgetting of traumatic experiences

65
Q

defence mechanisms

A

In psychoanalytic theory, automatic processes that protect the ego from anxiety by disguising or ejecting unacceptable ideas and urges

66
Q

repression

A

The automatic ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from consciousness.

67
Q

According to Freuds theory of…

A

psychosexual development, children undergo five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital (predominant erogenous zones)

68
Q

psychosexual development

A

the process by which sexual feelings shift from one erogenous zone to another

69
Q

erogenous zone

A

parts of the body, including but not limited to the sex organs, that are responsive to sexual stimulation

70
Q

Alfred Kinsey

A

most popular study was Sexual Behaviour in Human Male 1948 and Human Female 1953 — positive impact, controversial but highly influential

71
Q

The Kinsey Reports: interviewed…

A

5300 males and 5940 females and asked a wide array of questions

72
Q

Kinsey also checked the ______ of his data by evaluating the consistency of the responses given by several hundred interviewees who were re-examined after at least 19 months

A

reliability

73
Q

reliability

A

The consistency or accuracy of a measure.

74
Q

Their reports of the incidence of sexual activity were highly reliable, although…

A

the consistency of responses across time did not guarantee their validity

75
Q

William Masters & Virginia Johnson

A

In the 1960s lac they observed approx. 700 subjects… Human Sexual Response 1966… similar gay study… Homosexuality in Perspective 1979. Four stage sexual response described — positive impact

76
Q

William Masters & Virginia Johnson were among the first to report direct…

A

laboratory observation of individuals and couples engaged in sexual acts.
- their methods offered the first reliable set of data on what happens to the body during sexual response.

77
Q

Recent Sex Research Surveys: Edward Laumann et. al. National Health & Social Life Survey USA 1990s

A

3,432 subjects interviewed this included variety of ethnic groups but had limitations re. Asian, Native & Jewish…

78
Q

Recent Sex Research Surveys: Morton Hunt

A

apart of the Playboy Foundation Survey in the 1970s and had 2000 plus random phone books 24 cities.

79
Q

Recent Sex Research Surveys: Shere Hite

A

Report 1976 on females (3000) & 1981 on males (7000), they mailed out questionnaires to a specific groups and had return rates of 3% & 6%

80
Q

Recent Sex Research Surveys: Samuel & Cynthia Janus

A

report 1993, written questionnaires w/ 2,500 voluntary subjects

81
Q

University of Alberta - Student Sexual Behaviour Survey (1995-97) - Part of a national survey entitled:

A

Sexuality Behaviour of Canadian Youth

82
Q

University of Alberta - Student Sexual Behaviour Survey (1995-97) - Purpose:

A

to determine students’ sexual attitude and their knowledge about STD’s and HIV/AIDs

83
Q

University of Alberta - Student Sexual Behaviour Survey (1995-97) - Respondents:

A

2,300 students selected from ualberta classes were invited to participate — only 48% completed the survey

84
Q

Scientists and researchers who study human sexuality take an…

A

empirical approach.

85
Q

empirical

A

derived from or based on observation and experimentation.

86
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Formulation a research question.
  2. Framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis.
  3. Testing the hypothesis.
  4. Drawing conclusions.
87
Q

The goals of the science of human sexuality are…

A

congruent w/ those of other sciences: to describe, explain, predict, and control the events (in this case, the sexual behaviours) of interest.

88
Q

Researchers attempt to relate their observations to…

A

other factors or variables that can help explain them

89
Q

demographic variables

A

demographic variables such as age, religious or social background, and culture expectations.

90
Q

Sampling Methods

A

Researchers overcome biased sampling by drawing random or stratified random samples of the population.

91
Q

stratified random

A

A random sample in which known subgroups in a population are represented I’m proportion to their numbers in the population.

92
Q

Methods of Observation: Once scientists have chosen those whom they will study, they observe them with these methods….

A
  • Case-Study Method
  • Survey Method
  • Naturalistic Observation
  • Ethnographic Observation
  • Participant Observation
  • Laboratory Observation
  • Correlational Studies
93
Q

Case-Study Method

A

A carefully drawn, in-depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and historical records.

94
Q

Survey Method

A

A detailed study of a sample obtained by means such as interviews and questionnaires.

95
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.

96
Q

Ethnographic Observation

A

Data concerning sexual behaviours and customs that occur among various ethnic groups

97
Q

Participant Observation

A

A method in which observers interact with the people they study as they collect data.

98
Q

Laboratory Observation

A

People engage in the behaviour under study in the laboratory setting.

99
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Reveal the strength and direction of the relationship between variables. No show of cause and effect.

100
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistic that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationships b/w two variables.

101
Q

Treatment

A

In experiments, an intervention that is administered to participants (such as a test, a drug, or a sex education program) so that its effects can be observed.

102
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The measured results of an experiment, which are believed to be a function of the independent variables.

103
Q

Control Group

A

A group of study participants who do not receive the experimental treatment. However, other conditions are held comparable to those individuals in the experimental group.

104
Q

Ethics Concerns

A

The ways in which researches protect participants in research studies from harm.

105
Q

Experiment

A

A scientific method that seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.

106
Q

Independent Variable

A

A condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that is effects can be observed.

107
Q

Experimental Group

A

A group of study participants who receive a treatment.

108
Q

Selection Factor

A

A bias that may operate in research when people are allowed to determine whether they will receive a treatment.

109
Q

Ethical Standards

A

Require that research be conducted only when the expected benefits of the research outweigh the anticipated risks to participants and when the experimenter attempts to minimize expected risks.

110
Q

The principle of informed consent requires that…

A

people agree to participate in research only after being given enough information about the purposes, procedures, risks, and benefits to make informed decisions

HECOL 211 (16 decks)

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