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HECOL 211 > Anatomy & Response Cycle > Flashcards

Anatomy & Response Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic Development

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Chromosomes: how many for males & females

A

23 from males, 23 from female — form 23 pairs

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3
Q

Ovum has…

A

X chromosomes

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4
Q

Sperm has…

A

X or Y chromosomes

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5
Q

XX

A

female embryo

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6
Q

XY

A

male embryo

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7
Q

Within 5-6 weeks:

A

primitive gonads, ducts, external genital

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8
Q

Within 7 weeks:

A

begin to differentiate to male/female

- Basic blueprint start off female the some become male

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9
Q

Hormones (in embryonic development)

A

androgens, especially testosterone, produced in testes influence male development

  • lack of androgens leads to female development
  • female hormones important in puberty
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10
Q

Testes & Ovaries being high in abdomen

A
  • ovaries descend to pelvis, testes to scrotal sac.
  • undescended testes may correct in early life - if not, removed surgically (Risk of Cancer & Sterility)
  • A variety of developmental anomalies.
  • Early decisions like re-gender assignment vital.
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11
Q

Mons Veneris

A

fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen and above the clitoris
Function: Mons cushions a woman’s body during intercourse

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12
Q

Labia Majora

A

large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva

Function: amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation ~ they also shield the inner portions of the female genitals

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13
Q

Labia Minora

A

two hairless, light coloured membranes located between the major lips. They surround the urethral and vaginal opening. At the top they join at the prepuce (hood) of the clitoris.

Function: Rich in blood vessels and nerve endings, the labia minor are highly sensitive to sexual stimulation. When stimulated they darken and swell.

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14
Q

Clitoris

A

a female sex organ consisting of a shaft and glans located above the urethra opening.

Function: unique in that it serves no known purpose other than sexual pleasure.

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15
Q

Prepuce of Clitoris

A

(foreskin): “hood” cover the clitoral shaft

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16
Q

Urethral Opening

A

opening through which urine passes from the female’s body

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17
Q

Vaginal Opening

A

(introitus): Hymen is a fold of tissue across the vaginal opening is usually present at birth and remains at least partially intact until the women engages in intercourse.

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18
Q

Pubo Coccygeus Muscle

A

the muscles that encircle the entrance to the vagina (kegels)

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19
Q

The Vagina

A

extends back and upward from the vaginal opening. It is usually 3 to 5 inches long at rest. Menstrual flow and babies pass from the uterus to the outer world through the vagina. During coitus, the penis is contained within the vagina.

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20
Q

The Cervix

A

is the lower end of the uterus. Its walls, like those of the vagina, product secretions that contribute to the chemical balance of the vagina. The opening in the middle of the cervix, or “os” is normally about the width of a straw, although it expands to permit passage of a baby from the uterus to the vagina during childbirth.

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21
Q

The Uterus

A

or womb is the organ in which a fertilized ovum implants and develops until birth. The uterus usually slants forward (is antroverted), although about 10% of women have uteruses that tip backward.

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22
Q

Endometrium

A

the innermost layer, is richly supplied with blood vessels and glands. Endometrial tissue is discharged through the cervix and vagina at menstruation.

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23
Q

Endometriosis

A

endometrial tissue may grow in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere in the reproductive system. Most common symptom is menstrual pain, however can lead to infertility if left untreated.

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24
Q

Myometrium

A

is the well muscled second layer of the uterus. It endows the uterus with flexibility and strength, and creates the powerful contractions that propel a fetus outward during labour.

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25
Q

Perimetrium

A

is the fibrous third or outermost layer, provides an external cover.

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26
Q

The Fallopian Tubes

A

the tube or duct that connect the ovary to the uterus. Serves to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and the sperm from the uterus toward the ovary.

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27
Q

The part of each tube nearest the uterus is the …

A
  • isthmus: where the fallopian tubes get narrowed.
  • ampulla
  • infundibulum —> fimbriae: catches the eggs.
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28
Q

The Ovaries

A

are almond-shaped organs that are each about 1.5 inches long. The ovaries produce ova (egg cells) and the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

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29
Q

progesterone

A

a steriod hormone secreted by the corpus lute or prepared synthetically that stimulates proliferation of the endometrium and is involved in regulation of the menstrual cycle

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30
Q

Hysterectomy

A

Surgical removal of the uterus

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31
Q

A complete hysterectomy

A

involves the surgical removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and uterus. It is usually performed to reduce the risk of cancer spreading throughout the reproductive system.

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32
Q

The Breasts

A

Each breast contains 15 to 20 clusters of milk-producing mammary glands. Each gland opens at the nipple through its own duct.

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33
Q

The nipple

A

which lies in the centre of the areola, contains smooth muscle fibres that make the nipple become erect when they contract. The areola, or area surrounding the nipple, darkens during pregnancy and remains darker after delivery. Oil-producing glands in the areola help lubricate the nipples during breast-feeding

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34
Q

Male Sexual Anatomy & Physiology

A

;)

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35
Q

The Penis

A

the male organ of sexual intercourse. It contains the opening through which semen and urine pass.

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36
Q

Corpus Cavernosum

A

cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis that become congested with blood and stiffen during sexual arousal.

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37
Q

Corpus Spongiosum

A

the spongy body that runs along the bottom of the penis, contains the penile urethra, and enlarges at the tip of the penis to form the glans.

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38
Q

Corona

A

the ridge that separates the glans from the body of the penis (latin for“crown”)

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39
Q

Frenulum

A

The sensitive strip of tissue that connects the underside of the penile glans to the shaft. (from the Latin frenum, meaning “bridle”.)

40
Q

The Scrotum

A

the scrotum is a pouch of loose skin that becomes covered lightly with hair at puberty. The scrotum consists of two compartments that hold the testes. (Dartos muscle is the middle layer of the Scrotum)

41
Q

Spermatic cord contains….

A
  • vas derencs

- cremaster muscle

42
Q

The Testes

A

the serve two functions analogous to those of the ovaries. They secrete sex hormones & produce mature germ cells. In the case of testes, the germ cells are sperm and the sex hormones are androgens. The most important androgen is testosterone.

43
Q

Testosterone

A

it is secreted by interstitial cells, which are also referred to as Leydig’s cells.
- stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production, and development of secondary sex characteristics, such as the beard, deep voice, and growth of the muscle mass.

44
Q

The Vas Deferens

A

each epididymis empties into a vas deferens (also called ductus deferens).
The vas is a thin cylindrical tube about 16 inches long that serves as a conduit for mature sperm.

45
Q

Vasectomy

A

an operation in which the right and left vas deferens are severed - a convenient means of sterilization.

46
Q

The Seminal Vesicles

A

the two seminal vesicles are small glands, each about 2 inches long. They lie behind the bladder and open into the ejaculatory ducts, where the fluids they secrete combine with sperms. The fluid produced by the seminal vesicles is rich in fructose, a form of sugar, which nourishes sperm and helps them become active, or motile.

47
Q

The Prostate Gland:

A

lies beneath the bladder and approximates a chestnut in shape and size (about 3/4 inch in diameter)

48
Q

The prostate gland contains…

A

muscle fibres and glandular tissue that secrete prostatic fluid. Prostatic fluid is milky and alkaline. It provides the characteristic texture and odour of the seminal fluid. The alkalinity neutralizes some of the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the life span of sperm as seminal fluid spreads through the female reproductive system.

49
Q

Cowper’s Glands

A

also known as the bulbourethral glands, in recognition of the shape and location. These two structure lie below the prostate and empty their secretion into the urethra. During sexual arousal they secrete a drop or so of clear, slippery fluid that appears at the urethral opening. The functions of this fluid are not entirely understood.

50
Q

Role of 5 Senses

A 
Sight
Smell 
Touch
Taste
Hearing
51
Q

Sight

A

appearance

52
Q

Smell

A

synthetic more than natural - clean

53
Q

Touch

A

skin largest organ - very important

54
Q

Taste

A

body fluids “+” & “-”

55
Q

Hearing

A

music, whispers, distractions

56
Q

Aphrodisiacs and other drugs

A

no scientific evidence of direct affect on sexual function - may act as placebo

57
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

Sexual response is highly individual however certain common patterns exist.

58
Q

Masters & Johnson

A

describe four steps in both women and men: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.

59
Q

Kaplan

A

suggested this 3 stages, no plateau (just a higher level of excitement) desire, excitement/plateau, orgasm, resolution to be a more accurate and useful description.

60
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Desire

A

sexual desire is the drive and interest level for sexual activity. Testosterone - key hormone for desire level in both men and women. Desire arises in the brain and is strengthened by fantasy and by appropriate stimulation of all the senses.

61
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Excitement

A

during sexual excitement, both sexes experience increased muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure. Sex flush and nipple erection often occur, especially noticeable in women.

62
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Excitement for Women

A

experience engorgement of the clitoris, labia and vagina, together with vaginal lubrication, elevation and enlargement of the uterus and breast enlargement

63
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Excitement for Men

A

experience penile erection, enlargement and experience penile erection, enlargement and elevation of the testes, and sometimes Cowper’s glands secretions.

64
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Plateau

A

the plateau stage is marked by increased myotonia, hyperventilation, heart rate, and blood pressure.

65
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Plateau for Women

A

he clitoris withdraws under its hood, the labia minora deepen in colour, the orgasmic platform forms in the vagina, the uterus is fully elevated, and the areola become swollen.

66
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Plateau for Men

A

the corona becomes fully engorged, the testicles continue both elevation and enlargement and the Cowper’s glands are active.

67
Q

Sexual Response Cycle: Orgasm

A

during an orgasm involuntary muscle spasms occur throughout the body, most significantly in the vagina and the penis. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate peak

68
Q

Emission stage

A

is the first phase, it involves contraction of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and the upper part of the vas deferens (the ampulla). The forces of these contractions propels seminal fluid into the prostatic part of the urethral tract — a small tube called the urethral bulb — which balloons out as muscles close at either end, trapping the semen.

69
Q

Expulsion stage

A

is the second stage, it involves the propulsion of the seminal fluid through the urethra and out of the urethral opening at the tip of the penis. In this stage, muscles at the base of the penis and elsewhere contract rhythmically, forcefully expelling semen. The second stage is generally accompanied by the highly pleasurable sensation of orgasm.

70
Q

Retrograde Ejaculation

A

experienced in some men, when which the ejaculate empties into the bladder rather than being expelled from the body. During the normal ejaculation an external sphincter opens, allowing seminal fluid to pass out the body.

71
Q

Resolution

A

the body returns to its non-excited state.

72
Q

Unstimulated for Women

A

normal and unaroused

73
Q

Excitement Phase for Women

A

clitoris elongates & widens

  • labia minora expand and extend outward
  • labia majora flatten out and spread away from vaginal opening
74
Q

Plateau Phase for Women

A
  • clitoris retracts under hood
  • labia minora turn bright red & increase in size
  • orgasmic platform — the vaginal opening contracts to produce a grasping effect on the penis
  • uterus fully elevated and rises into false pelvis
75
Q

Orgasm Phase for Women

A
  • clitoris retracted underhood
  • strong contractions of the vaginal orgasmic platform — three to five contractions in a mild orgasm & eight to twelve in an intense orgasm
  • uterus undergoes contractions similar to those of labor
  • rectal sphincter contracts
76
Q

Resolution Phase for Women

A
  • clitoris slowly returns to normal size
  • labia majora & minora return to normal size and position
  • uterus drops back to normal position
  • cervix drops into seminal pool
  • outer third of vagina (orgasmic platform) returns quickly to normal; inner two thirds of vagina returns to normal more slowly
77
Q

Excitement Phase for Men

A
  • vasocongestion of penis results in erection
  • testes begin elevation
  • scrotal skin tenses, thickens
78
Q

Plateau Phase for Men

A
  • the coronal ridge of the glans increases in diameter and turns a deeper reddish-purple
  • the Cowper’s glands many release fluid
  • the testes become completely elevated and engorged when orgasm is imminent
79
Q

Orgasm Phase for Men

A
  • sperm and semen expelled by rhythmic contractions of urethra
  • contractions of vas deferens and seminal vesicles expel sperm and semen into urethra
  • prostate expels fluid into the urethra
  • rectal sphincter contracts
80
Q

Resolution Phase for Men

A
  • erection subsides
  • testes descend
  • scrotum thins, folds return
81
Q

as a group, females demonstrate a ____ in their sexual response patterns

A

wider variability

82
Q

multiple orgasms occur with greater frequency in females,

A

more often while masturbating than during coitus.

83
Q

this period, in which the male is unable to be aroused…

A

varies greatly in time, but usually lengthens as the man ages.

84
Q

Male Circumcision

A

surgical removal of part of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis. The removal of the foreskin fully exposes the glans of the penis.
- reasons: hygiene, religion, or cultural

85
Q

Female Circumcision (female genital mutilation)

A

widespread practice in some parts of the world, primarily Africa, the Middle East, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Australia

86
Q

Female Circumcision: Various Forms

A
  • removal of the hood of clitoris
  • removal of entire clitoris
  • removal of entire clitoris, labia minora and parts of the labia majora. For this type the remaining portions of the labia majora are then pulled over the vaginal opening and held together with sutures (stitches) or thorns (infibulation). The opposite sides heal together closing the vaginal opening except for a small opening left for urination and menstrual flow.
87
Q

Menstruation

A

is the cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) when fertilization has not occurred

88
Q

Five Common Types of Taboo found in various cultures

A
  1. Ban on sexual intercourse
  2. Restrictions on activities & contact with other people
  3. Taboos against contract with men’s ritual equipment or weaponry
  4. Taboos on cooking or handling food
  5. Total seclusion in a special living area
89
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

A

Combination of bodily and psychological symptoms that afflict women during the four to six day interval that precedes their menses each month.
Three in four women report having some sort of symptoms.

90
Q

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) Symptoms

A

some combination of anxiety, depression, irritability, weight gain due to fluid retention, & abdominal discomfort. About 10% report PMS severe enough to impair their social, academic, or occupational functioning. But fewer than 1% ever reported missing work for it.

91
Q

Cervical Cancer

A
  • Beginning in their late teens, or earlier if they are sexually active, a women should have an annual pelvic exam done by a physician.
  • (Canadian Cancer Society recommends a pelvic exam every 1 or 3 years)
  • More frequent examination is required if the woman is over 35 or taking birth control pills.
  • External and internal examination is followed by a Pap test to detect cervical cancer and a sample of vaginal discharge may also be taken to test for STI’s
  • Women should examine their pelvic area using a hand mirror to detect any abnormalities in colour or size of their external genitalia.
  • Should discuss any unusual vaginal pain or discharge with their partner and physician
92
Q

Breast Self Examination

A

Method women employ to detect suspicious lumps in the breast. 80-90% of all breast lumps are benign. Should be conducted one week after menstruation, once a month.

  • Physical: using fingertips in a circular motion around the areola, check for lumps, hard knots, or thickening
  • Visual: look for changes in contour
93
Q

Mammograms

A

annually after age of 50, if there is a strong family history on maternal side annually after age 40.

94
Q

Testicular Self Examination

A

testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in men between 29 - 35 years of age.

  • Early detection is the key. Should be done once a month after a warm shower or bath so the scrotum is relaxed.
  • Using thumb and fingertips, the man should feel the entire surface of the testes for any lumps, hardening, or enlargements.
95
Q

Other warning signs of Testicular Cancer

A
  • slight enlargement of one of the testicles
  • a change in the consistency of the testicle
  • a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin (however, there may not be any pain at all)
  • sensation of dragging and heaviness in the testicles
96
Q

Prostate Cancer

A

Incidence rate of 1 in 8 men & the second most common form of cancer for men behind skin (the rectum); more men get prostrate cancer then women get breast cancer.

HECOL 211 (16 decks)

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