Contraception

Question 1

Abstinence

Answer 1

• one possible definition of abstinence — not having vaginal intercourse
• the key to using abstinence effectively is to know what abstinence means for you, and communicate this with your partner

Question 2

Condoms

Answer 2

only form of contraception for men that protects against STI’s and pregnancy
- A recent study has shown that Alberta has the lowest condom use in all of Canada - 40% of 15-24 yr olds do not use condoms.

Question 3

Male/External Condom

Answer 3

• 2 to 12 reported pregnancies / 100 women / year
• Made of latex and polyurethane
• Storage: keep at room temperature, dry place, free of anything that could puncture the package
• Expiry: all condoms have expiry dates, and are good for 5 years from date of manufacture
• Use one male condom for each time

Question 4

Lubricant

Answer 4

used to make sex more comfortable, for prevention of STIs, and to help with effectiveness of condoms

• water-based, hemp-based, or silicone-based only when used with latex condoms
• oil-based lube never use & should not be used in vagina

Question 5

Female/Internal Condom

Answer 5

• Provides protection against STIs and pregnancy
• Made of polyurethane
• 1-2 reported pregnancies/100 women in a year
• Can be effective against STIs which are transmitted by skin-to-skin contact
• Not to be used with a male condom
• Only use once

Question 6

Dental Dam

Answer 6

• used to prevent STIs — used during oral sex

- can be made of polyurethane or latex & can make one out of condoms

Question 7

Emergency Contraceptive Pill (ECP or “morning after pill”)

Answer 7

• 95% effective in the first 24 hours & 61% effective taken between 48-72 hours
• Prevents pregnancy in several ways”
• delays the release of an egg
• thickens cervical mucus
• prevents fertilized egg from implanting on uterine wall

Question 8

Hormonal Contraception

Answer 8

• hormonal contraception does not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections
• it may not be recommended if you are:
• over 35 years of age and smoke
• have a history of gestational diabetes
• have benign breast disease or a - history of breast cancer
• have liver problems
• have a history of deep vein - thrombosis or embolism
• have high blood pressure

Question 9

Possible Hormonal Side Effects

Answer 9

• headache, breast tenderness, mood alteration, decrease in sex drive,
• spotting or breakthrough bleeding, some antibiotics/antacids/other meds may reduce effectiveness

Question 10

Birth Control Pill

Answer 10

• Two types of hormones: estrogen and progesterone
• prevents ovulation (releasing of an egg) creates mucus around the cervix so it is harder for sperm to enter the uterus
• 1-2 reported pregnancies/100 women per year
• take one pill at the same time every day for 21 days. take one week off for period
• Cost about 15-20 a month
• Disadvantages: take it everyday, some medications may effect it, no protection against STIs

Question 11

Patch (Evra)

Answer 11

• Same hormones as the BC and works the same way but you place on arm, shoulder, buttock, abdomen
• Change patch one a week for three weeks, and take one week off for .
• 1 reported pregnancy / 100 in a year
• Disadvantages: no protection against STIs & side effects

Question 12

Ring (Nuvaring)

Answer 12

• some hormones as BC, and patch, and works the same way
• administered vaginally & left in for 21 days w/ 1 week off
• 1-2 reported pregnancies / 100 women in a year
• Cost 20-40
• Disadvantages: if ring is removed and out for more than 2 hours, you will need to use a backup method of BC, such as condoms until the ring has been used for 7 days
  no protection against STIs

Question 13

The Shot (Depo-Provera)

Answer 13

• Injection administered by doctor every 12 weeks

-

Question 14

Spermicide

Answer 14

• Film, Foam, Jellies and Creams
• Made of Nonoxynol-9 (a detergent) — Works by killing sperm
• 3-21 reported pregnancies / 100 women per year — Used with condoms 1-6 pregnancies
  Cost 15-20 dollars
  Can be used only if not having sex more than once per day

Question 15

Sponge

Answer 15

• Barried method: blocks the sperm from getting past the cervix
• Already has spermicide on it
• Remove 6 hours after intercourse (no more than 24 hours)
• Not reusable, but can have sex multiple times with in place
• Cost: 15 to 20 for 3
• 3-28 pregnancies / 100 women per year

Question 16

Cervical Cap

Answer 16

• Barrier method — blocks the sperm from getting past the cervix
• Reusable — get fitted and instructed how to properly use by a physician
• Used with spermicide & Remove 6 hours after intercourse
• Cost: 30-45 dollars each
• 5-8 pregnancies / 100 women per year with spermicide

Question 17

Diaphragm

Answer 17

• Barrier method — blocks the sperm from getting past the cervix
• Reusable — get fitted and instructed how to properly use by a physician
• Used with spermicide & Remove 6 hours after intercourse
• Cost: 30-45 dollars each
• 3-18 pregnancies / 100 women per year with spermicide

Question 18

IUD — Intrauterine Device

Answer 18

• Specially shaped piece of plastic coated with copper
• Copper changes the Ph balance of the uterus making it inhospitable for the egg and sperm
• Inserted and removed by a physician & different varieties are available
• Cost: 60-140 dollars
• 1-6 pregnancies / 100 women per year

Question 19

IUS — Intrauterine System

Answer 19

• T-shaped piece of plastic coated with a rod containing progestin and inserted into the uterus
• Hormone stops ovulation, changes uterine lining
• Inserted and removed by a physician
• Brand name: Mirena and Jaydess
• Mirena can be used up to 5 years
• Jaydess can be used up to 3 years
• ## $350

Question 20

Fertility Awareness Method (FAM)

Answer 20

• Woman charts her cycle including cervical mucus testing, and basal body temperature to predict ovulation
• The better a woman charts and knows her cycle the better the results
• 2-20 pregnancies / 100 women per year
• Cost: free or price of equipment & 0 side effects
• Must abstain from sex or use alternate form of contraception during fertile phase

Question 21

Vasectomy

Answer 21

• the vas deferens is tied and cauterized
• Sperm stops at this point, this stopping sperm from being expelled from penis
• Ejaculate will still look the same
• Performed under local anesthetic in a physician’s office.
• Surgery is usually covered by AB Health

Question 22

Vasalgel

Answer 22

• Polymer gel injected into the vas deferens to block sperm from entering the ejaculate
• Can last 10-15 years
• Reversible, fertility return when gel is flushed out of vas deferens
• Not available in North America yet
• Similar to Risug which has been used in India for years

Question 23

Tubal Ligation

Answer 23

• Woman’s fallopian tubes are closed (cauterized) or tied off
• Stops ovulation since the egg can no longer travel and be fertilized by sperm
• Performed under general or local anesthetic in a hospital or medical clinic
• Surgery may be covered by AB Health

Question 24

Essure

Answer 24

• Silicone insert placed into fallopian tube by doctor, no anesthetic necessary, procedure takes about 10 minutes
• Body generates scar tissue to block tube but ovulation is not disturbed
• Considered effective after 3 months; use a secondary method of birth control until then
• Non reversible
• Expensive: $1100+ per insert; additional clinic or doctor’s fees may apply

Question 25

Withdrawal “Pulling Out”

Answer 25

• Male withdrawals his penis before he ejaculates
• Problems — doesn’t pull out in time, doesn’t pull out at all, and…
• Precum can contain sperm, especially if he ejaculated earlier
• Estimated to be about 73% effective.
• Does not protect against STIs

Question 26

Chance — Using No Method At All

Answer 26

if no method is all is used… 60 to 85 (out of 100) will get pregnant after one year

Question 27

Male Birth Control

Answer 27

• Daily pill to be taken orally, a patch or gel to applied to the skin, injection given every three months, implant placed under the skin every 12 months
• Testosterone and progestins are used to turn off sperm production or prevent full development of gametes
• Side effects: minimal, in some trails reports of sweats or headache, many reporting no side effects at all
• Reversible, no lingering side effects for fertility

Question 28

Abortion

Answer 28

• 1 in 4 Canadian women will have at least one abortion in their lifetime
• Vast majority of abortions happen

Question 29

Medication Abortion

Answer 29

• Must access under 8 weeks into a pregnancy
• Medication induces a miscarriage
• Miscarriage happens at home
• Medication: methotrexate and misoprostol (cytotec)
• Involves 2-3 visits to clinic
• RU-486 (the abortion pill)
• The clinic expects to have access to it this spring (2016)
• May not be covered by AHC

Question 30

Surgical Abortion

Answer 30

• Offered up to 20 weeks into a pregnancy

- Involves 1 visit to clinic if pregnancy is