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HECOL 211 > Conception, Pregnancy & Childbirth > Flashcards

Conception, Pregnancy & Childbirth Flashcards

1
Q

Male Fertility Issues

A
  • Sperm: low count/irregularities, poor motility
  • Chronic conditions: diabetes, SCI, etc…
  • STI and other infections
  • Trauma to testes
  • Autoimmune response: antibodies that affect sperm
  • Hormones: pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid conditions
  • Toxins, Tobacco, Drugs, Alcohol
  • High temperature
  • Hernia repair
  • Undescended testicles
  • Mumps after puberty
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2
Q

Female Fertility Issues

A
  • Irregular Ovulation
  • Obstruction or malformation of the reproductive tract (STI etc…)
  • Endometriosis
  • Toxins, Tobacco, Drugs, Alcohol
  • Chronic Conditions — Diabetes, SCI etc…
  • Hormone: pituitary imbalance and/or thyroid conditions
    Infections
  • Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
  • Body weight, Eating Disorders, Excessive Exercise
  • Abnormal Pap smears
  • Multiple pregnancy losses
  • Age
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3
Q

Menstrual Cycle

Has four phases…

A
  1. Proliferation Phase (9 days)
  2. Ovulatory Phase
  3. Secretory (Luteal) Phase (14 days)
    endometrium thickens; secretion and blood increase due to follicle’s manufacture of progesterone
    estrogens and progesterone decrease suddenly
  4. Menstrual Phase (5 days)
    surface of endometrium is sloughed off; bleeding occurs
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4
Q

Proliferation Phase

A
  • begins with the end of menstruation
  • lasts 9-10 days
  • egg develops and endometrium proliferates
  • also known as the follicular stage when certain ovarian follicles mature
  • ovaries prepare for ovulation
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5
Q

Ovulatory Phase

A
  • A Graafian Follicle ruptures and releases a mature ovum. The other ripening follicle degenerate and are reabsorbed
  • Occasionally 2 ovum are released = fraternal
  • Ovulation is set in motion when estrogen levels reaches critical levels.
  • Basal body temperature usually dips slightly at ovulation and raised by 0.5C on the day following ovulation
  • estrogens reach peak level in blood, causing ovary to release egg
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6
Q

Secretory (Luteal) Phase

A
  • Approximately 15 days
  • Graafian follicle become the corpus luteum
  • Progesterone and Estrogen levels peak around the 20 or 21st day of cycle causing the glands in the endometrium to secrete nutrients that would sustain a fertilized ovum.
  • If no fertilization occurs the corpus luteum decomposes and hormone level fall.
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7
Q

Menstrual Phase

A
  • approximately 5 days
  • Uterine lining (endometrium) is sloughed off into the menstrual flow.
  • Caused by the drop in estrogen and progesterone levels.
  • Menstruation is the passing of the lining through the cervix and vagina
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8
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A
  • Rising estrogen and LH surge leading up to ovulation
  • In the follicular part of the cycle, the lining of the uterus develops
  • In the Secretory (luteal) phase it is maintained by the elevated progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum
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9
Q

Prediction Ovulation: Charting basal body temperature

A
  • typically there is a small drop in early morning temperature just prior to ovulation.
  • the temperature then rises significantly afterwards
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10
Q

Prediction Ovulation: Assessing cervical mucus

A
  • women can examine and track the consistency of cervical mucus throughout their cycle.
  • cervical/vaginal mucus becomes clear, slippery and stretchy, (egg whites) on the days just prior to ovulation
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11
Q

Pregnancy Tests

A
  • tests designed to detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
  • women produce hCG soon after conception
  • hCG can be detected in the urine approximately 3rd week of pregnancy
  • blood test can detect hCG as early as the 8th day
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12
Q

Length of Pregnancy

A
  • most people think of pregnancy as lasting nine month
  • it is actually 280 days, usually calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period
  • date pregnancy from date of fertilization which is usually 2 weeks after the beginning of the last menstrual cycle
  • normal gestation is 266 days or 38 weeks
  • most babies are born +/- 10 days
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13
Q

Prenatal Development

A
  • Germinal Stage: conception to implantation
  • Take the Zygote 3-4 days to reach the uterus
  • Takes another 3-4 days for the zygote to implant (wander in the uterus)
  • Within a few days the cells take on the form of a fluid filled ball of cells class blastocyst.
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14
Q

Embryonic Stage

A
  • Implantation to 8th week

- Major organs systems begin to differentiate

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15
Q

Fetal Stage

A
  • 9th week to birth

- By about the 9th or 10th week the fetus starts to response to outside world

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16
Q

First Trimesters: conception — 12 weeks

A

The first trimester is from conception through 12 weeks, Conception through the 10th week is referred to as the embryonic period.

  • Around the twenty first day the heart begins to start beating.
  • This is the critical period of time when all of the major organs and structures are forming — brain, heart, lungs, eyes, ears, arms and legs
  • Harmful substances that are ingested can affect the normal growth and development of the fetus
  • Around the twenty first day the heart begins to start beating.
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17
Q

Second Trimesters: 12-16 weeks

A
  • Is a period of rapid growth for the fetus 8cm (3inches)
  • Sexual differentiation is beginning to show
  • Brain development is very rapid
  • Fingers, toes and nails are formed
  • Eyes almost fully developed, but lids fused — this happens to - protect nerve fibres
  • Heartbeat can be heard with Doppler
18
Q

Second Trimesters: 16 weeks

A
  • The baby can feel pain; the fetus may suck its thumb
  • The baby makes crying movements
  • 15cm and 100gm
  • Strong heartbeat
  • It moves about, swallows amniotic fluid, and has periods of sleep and wakefulness
19
Q

Second Trimesters: 24 weeks

A
  • 28-35cm and 500gm
  • Eyelids separated
  • Skin wrinkled and red
  • Heavy protective creamy coating (vernix)
  • May survive if born, but need intensive care, high rate of disability
20
Q

Second Trimesters: 28 weeks

A
  • 38cm and 1100gm
  • Very wrinkled — no fat yet
  • Organs begin to mature and the bones have fully grown but are still soft
  • Lungs have not fully grown however it begins to make breathing movements
  • The eyelids have finally opened.
  • Better survival if born — still need lots of intensive care
  • Mom beginning to feel less nausea and fatigue increased energy and wellbeing
  • Uterus lifts out of pelvis — less pressure on bladder
  • Week 12+ — Pigmentation: linea nigra, mask of pregnancy, breasts dark
  • Increased vaginal discharge (milky)
  • Week 16+ — Breast fluid: clear, yellow colostrum
21
Q

Third Trimester: 29 weeks — Birth

A
  • Major organs developed, time of growth in weight and storage of materials e.g., vitamins, minerals, fatty acids
  • The brain has grown rapidly
  • Most organs have fully grown expect the lungs
  • The kicks and movements of the fetus are now strong enough to be seen and felt on the outside
  • The skin is now less wrinkled and red
  • Fetus has moved to the birth position
  • During the last month of pregnancy, the baby can gain as much as half a pound a week
  • The mother may not feel the fetus move as much because it has filled up much of the room, your midwife or doctor may instruct you in fetal movement counts.
  • Week 34+ Awkwardness, Depression, Heartburn, Hemorrhoids, Pelvic Pain, Difficulty Sleeping, Stuffy Nose
  • Week 37 -, pressure on bladder, increased pelvic pain, Lightening (baby descends into the pelvis)
22
Q

Prenatal Care

A
  • Choosing a caregiver: obstetrician, family doctor, midwife
  • First Visit: history, physical, blood work, lab work
  • Next Visits: weight, blood pressure, growth of uterus, baby’s heart beat, baby’s position, urine — glucose & protein, education
23
Q

Routine Prenatal Tests by Gestation

A

11-16 weeks: genetic screening
18 weeks: ultrasound
24-28 weeks: repeat blood tests, diabetes screen
28-30 weeks: Rh immune globulin to Rh negative women
36 weeks: Group B Strep
41 weeks: non-stress test, biophysical profile

24
Q

Genetic Screening

A
  • Maternal serum screen (16-20 weeks)
  • neural tube defects
  • down syndrome and other major chromosomal disorders
  • Chorionic villous sampling (11-13 weeks)
  • Amniocentesis (15-20 weeks)
25
Q

Folic Acid

A
  • Promotes the development of the brain stem, spinal cord, and red blood cells
  • Need is greatest in the first month of pregnancy
  • Recommended amount: 0.4 - 1.0mg daily & 4-5mg if at risk
  • Risk: family history of neural tube defects
  • Arthritis drugs with methotrexate
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Recommend — prenatal supplement with folic acid
26
Q

Iron

A
  • Deficiency: fatigue, cardiovascular
  • RDA - 27mg/day
  • Take with foods high in Vitamin C
  • Caffeine inhibits the absorption — avoid drinking coffee, tea, cole, chocolate with meals
  • Avoid taking with calcium
27
Q

Calcium

A
  • Important for development of bones and proper muscle function
  • Recommended intake: 1000 - 1300mg daily
  • If you do not drink milk or eat dairy products:
  • Drink calcium fortified beverages like orange juice, soy beverage
  • Eat tofu, canned sardines or salmon with the bones
28
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • increases the absorption of calcium
  • required for both bone development and for maintaining the strength of the mother’s bones
  • Recommended: 400 IU
  • Sunlight during the summer, but during the winter we get very little
29
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A
  • Dietary fatty acids need for
  • proper fetal neural and visual development
  • maintenance of pregnancy
  • Sources: Fish, Canola, Flax Oil, Nuts, Seeds
  • Maintenance of pregnancy — may decrease the risk of preterm birth
30
Q

Water

A
  • Carries nutrients to cells
  • Carries away waste products
  • Keeps you cool
  • Drink at least 48-64 ounces “straight” or as other fluids (eg. milk, soup)
31
Q

Caffeine

A 
Maximum — 300mg/day 
Why Worry?
- Some appears in the breast milk 
- Crosses the placental barrier 
- May stimulate the fetus or baby 
- High intake increases the risk of premature delivery
32
Q

Artificial Sweeteners

A 
Appear “safe” but use in moderation 
- Aspartame 
- Sucralose
- Acesulfame Potassium 
Not Safe (effect on fetus unknown) 
- Saccharin 
- Cyclamate
33
Q

Alcohol

A
  • No safe level of alcohol for an unborn baby
  • Impacts physical development and brain growth
  • Regular drinking increases the risk of miscarriage
  • Risks include Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (a permanent condition) and low birth weight
34
Q

Smoking: Pregnancy

A
  • Premature rupture of membranes
  • Placenta previa
  • Placental abruption
  • Preterm birth
  • Birth complications
  • Haemorrhage
35
Q

Smoking: Infant

A
  • SIDS
  • Respiratory problems
  • Ear infections
  • Hospitalization
36
Q

Signs of Labour

A
  • Lightening or Engagement: Relieving the pressure
  • Effacement: Ripening of the cervix
  • Dilation: Opening of the cervix
  • Bloody show: Loss of mucus plug
  • Nesting: Spurt of energy
  • Rupture of membranes: Your water breaks
  • Contractions: When labor pains being
37
Q

First Stage of Birth

A
  • Dilation and effacement of the cervix
  • Latent (0-3cm)
  • Active
  • Transition (8-10cm)
38
Q

Second Stage of Birth

A
  • Pushing
  • Descent of baby through birth canal
  • Episiotomy
  • Birth of the baby
39
Q

Episiotomy

A
  • performed when babies head has crowned
  • usually performed when the baby’s shoulders are too wide to emerge without tearing or if baby is in distress (heartbeat drops)
  • rates have drop from 1/2 vaginal births to about 1/3
40
Q

Third Stage of Birth

A
  • Placenta is expelled
  • Uterus begins to contact
  • 5 to 60 minutes
41
Q

Breastfeeding

A
  • provides optimal nutrition, immunological and emotional benefits for the child’s growth and development
  • Breastfeeding is on the rise
    2001 — 81.5%
    2005 — 87%

HECOL 211 (16 decks)

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