Introduction to Nervous System

Question 1

Nervous system functions

Answer 1

Sensory perception (sensory neuron), integration(interneurons) and motor planning (motor neuron)

Question 2

What makes up the CNS

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal)

Question 3

What makes up the PNS

Answer 3

Nerves and ganglia

Question 4

What does the CNS do

Answer 4

Information processing, integrates, processes and coordinates sensory input and motor commands.

Question 5

Afferent vs efferent division

Answer 5

Afferent is for sensory information and efferent is for motor commands

Question 6

Afferent division

Answer 6

Special sensory receptors (smell, tats, vision, balance and hearing), visceral sensory receptors( monitor internal organs) and somatic sensory receptors( monitor skeletal muscles, joints and skin surface)
RECEPTORS

Question 7

What does sensory integration

Answer 7

Interneurons do sensory integration and they come up with a motor plan for a response

Question 8

Efferent division have 2 divisions

Answer 8

Somatic nervous system is for skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system is divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic division that act upon smooth and cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue.
EFFECTORS

Question 9

What are the properties of neurons

Answer 9

Excitability- respond stimuli
Conductivity- send signals to distant locations quickly
Secretion- neurotransmitters release

Question 10

4 universal neurons parts

Answer 10

Dendrites, soma, axon and terminals

Question 11

Excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 11

Excitatory- Glutamine, norepinephrine, dopamine
Inhibitory- GABA, serotonin and dopamine

Question 12

Function classes of Neurons

Answer 12

Sensory afferent neurons-detect stimuli
Interneurons- receive signals from other neurons and make decisions about the response
Motor efferent neurons- send signals to muscles to provide response

Question 13

Multipolar neuron

Answer 13

Many dendrites, one axon

Question 14

Bipolar neuron

Answer 14

One dendrite, one axon

Question 15

Unipolar

Answer 15

No dendrites, one axon and usually an interneuron just for integration of signal

Question 16

Anaxonic

Answer 16

Many dendrites but no axon usually for signal propagation

Question 17

Neuron structure

Answer 17

Neurosoma or cell body- control center
Nissl bodies- compartmentalized rough ER
Dendrites- receive signals
Axon- sends action potentials
Axon terminal- ending of axon branch that communicates with another cell, pre-synaptic and post-synaptic
Synapse- where neurotransmitters are released

Question 18

Receptor region

Answer 18

It’s the cell body, soma that has dendrites

Question 19

Conductive region for signals

Answer 19

The axon hillock, axon for signal propagation

Question 20

Effector region

Answer 20

Terminal is the effector region

Question 21

What do sensory neurons look like

Answer 21

They are multipolar with many dendrites at both axon terminal

Question 22

Neuroglial cells of the CNS

Answer 22

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells.

Question 23

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 23

CNS, myelinate to assist conduction

Question 24

Ependymal cells

Answer 24

Secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Question 25

Microglia

Answer 25

Help in defense and disposal, increases when infection in the CNS

Question 26

Astrocytes

Answer 26

Provide support and nourishment, clear debris, form blood-brain barrier

Question 27

Schwann cells

Answer 27

PNS, Myelinate to assist conduction

Question 28

Satellite cells

Answer 28

PNS, Provide support and nourishment

Question 29

Myelin

Answer 29

Insulation on a wire, big diameter= more conduction