Axial Skeleton Flashcards
What makes up the Axial Skeleton?
The skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
What is the role of Axial Skeleton
To support the axis of the body and to protect organs.
Skull protect the brain
Vertebral column protects the spinal cord
Thoracic cage protects the lungs and heart
Sesamoid bones, sesame seeds
Formed within tendons and due to stress
Patella, Pisiform and
Sutural (wormian) bones
Extra bones in the skull that are not found in everyone.
Surface Features of Bones; canal, condyle, crest and epicondyle
Canal- Tunnel in a bone like auditory canal of the skull.
Condyle- Rounded Knob
Crest- A narrow ridge
Epicondyle- A flare superior to a condyle.
Facet, Fissure, Foramen, Fossa
Facet- smooth joint surface that is flat or slightly concave
Fissure- A slit though a bone
Foramen- A hole through a bone
Fossa- A shallow, broad or elongated basin
Line, Meatus, Process, Protuberance
Line- Raised, elongated ridge
Meatus- A canal
Process- Any bony prominence
Protuberance- A bony outgrowth or protruding part
Sinus, Spine, Sulcus, Tubercle, Tuberosity
Sinus- A cavity with a bone
Spine- A sharp, slender process
Sulcus- A groove for tendon, nerve or blood vessel
Tubercle- A small, rounded process
Tuberosity- A rough surface
Skull division, how many bones in total
Cranial and Facial bones 22
Cranial bones that protect the brain
8 bones
Frontal bone (U)- forehead and it is a flat bone, has two frontal sinus
Occipital bone (U)- base of skull and it’s a flat bone
2 Parietal bones (P)- Flattened and enclose the brain
2 Temporal bones (P)- Flattened and that provide structure to the skull
Sphenoid (U)- Greater and lesser wings, mothlike shape, sphenoidal sinuses and sella turcica
Ethmoid (U)- Ethmoidal sinus, crista galli, cribriform plate, nasal septum
Sutures of the cranial bones (4)
Coronal Suture separates the Frontal bone and the Parietal bones.
Sagittal suture separates the two parietal bones.
Lambdoid suture separates the occipital bone from the temporal and parietal bones.
Squamous suture separates the temporal bones from the parietal and occipital bones
Foramen magnum
Where the spinal cord meets the brain
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen Spinosium
All for the passage of blood vessels.
Hole in the superior part of the sphenoid bone
Hole in inferior part of the sphenoid bone
Hole in great wings of sphenoid bone
Occipital condyles
Door knob shaped bones that connect to the vertebrae
Sinuses of the naval cavity
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Cranial Fossae
Posterior fossa- cerebellum
Middle fossa- Temporal lobe
Anterior fossa- Frontal lobe
Sphenoid, butterfly like
Greater and lesser wings
Sphenoidal sinuses
sella turcica
Ethmoid
Ethmoidal sinus
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Nasal septum
What bones make the orbit
Ethmoid, frontal, temporal, sphenoid cranial bones. Lacrimal, maxilla, palatine, zygomatic bones.
14 Facial Bones
2 Maxillae- only facial bone with a sinus
2 Palatine- hard palate of the nose
2 Zygomatic- cheek bones
2 Lacrimal- Smallest bone of skull, tear ducks
2 Nasal- Bridge of nose
2 Inferior Nasal Conchae- Nasal cavity
Vomer- No muscle attachment and center of nose
Mandible- Only movable bone of the skull and the strongest.
Auditory ossicles- bones of middle ear
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Hyoid
Doesn’t articulate with any bones, located between chin and larynx. Floating.
Function of the Vertebral Column
Supports skull and trunk, allows movement, protect spinal cord. Absorb stress from walking, running and lifting. Provides attachment for limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles.
Vertebral Column
33 vertebrae and intervertebral discs.
Vertebral foramen where spinal cord is.
Cervical-7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar- 5
Sacral- 5
Coccygeal- 4
Intervertebral Discs
Pad between vertebrae that have nucleus pulposus ( central portion) and anulus fibrosus. (outer ring, fibrocartilage)
Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas first CV 1, YES motion, flat and supports the skull.
Axis second CV 2, NO motion, for rotation
7 in total
Smallest and lightest
Transverse foramina
Holes in transverse processes and passage pf the vertebral arteries.
Thoracic Vertebrae
12 in total with costal facets, attachment points for the 12 ribs
Larger than cervical vertebrae, supports more stress
The sternum and its 3 regions, flat bone
Manubrium- top part like a neck tie and connect with the clavicles.
Body gladiolus- the longest part of sternum where the ribs attached to
Xiphoid process- inferior end that provides attachment for muscles.
The Ribs
12 and all are attached to thoracic vertebrae.
True ribs- 1 to 7; each with own cartilage to sternum
False ribs
8 to 12- not directly connected to sternum
8 to 10- attached to costal cartilage of rib 7
11 and 12- floating ribs with no attachment to sternum
Articulation of the Ribs to the thoracic vertebrae
The thoracic vertebra connects( facet joints) to right or left costal then with costal cartilage that connects to the sternum.
Thoracic Cage
Consists of thoracic vertebrae, sternum and ribs.
Encloses lungs and heart and expands and contracts for respiration.
Attachment point for pectoral girdle and upper limbs.
Lumbar Vertebrae
5 in total
Thick and largest of all vertebrae
Articulates face laterally and medially
Sacrum
Five vertebrae that fuse during young adulthood.
Articulates with pelvic bones and forms posterior wall of pelvic cavity
Coccygeal vertebrae
4 that fuse by the age of 20, the Coccyx.
Tailbone.
Provides attachment point for muscles of the pelvic floor.
Pathology of Axial Skeleton
Skull fractures
Vertebral fractures and dislocations
Herniated dics.
