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NUR 325 > Introduction to Infection > Flashcards

Introduction to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

Colonization of a host by a microbial species
-Can be localized or systematic (whole body)

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2
Q

Cause of infection

A

Common:
-Virus
-Bacteria

Rare:
-Fungal
-Protozoa
-Helminths
-Prions

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3
Q

Virus

A

-Only DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein shell
-Viruses have to have host to divide and multiply
Ex. COVID, Chickenpox, Influenza

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4
Q

Bacteria

A

-Much larger than a virus, single-celled organisms
-Can reproduce inside or outside of cells
-Adapt & suppress human body defenses
Ex. Strep, TB, UTI

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5
Q

Fungal

A

-Spore forming organism
Ex. Yeast infection

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6
Q

Protozoa

A

Typically live in water/environment
Ex. malaria

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7
Q

Helminths

A

Parasitic worms
Ex. Roundworm, hookworm

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8
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceocus infectious particles, only composed on protein
-Rarest
-Misfolded proteins (small) that attach to other proteins
Ex. Madcow disease (aka creutzfield-jacob disease)

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9
Q

Microorganisms must have a _____

A

Resorvoir

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10
Q

Resorvoir

A

Habitat where organism usually lives and grows
-Can be human, animals, insects, environments

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11
Q

Direct mode of transmission

A

-Direct contact w/ contamination
-Kissing
-Sex
-Soil or vegetation
-Droplet: sneezing or coughing

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12
Q

Indirect mode of transmission

A

-Airborne or droplet (nuclei stay in air)
Ex. Measles, TB

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13
Q

Vehicle

A

Indirect transfer of infectious material through water, food, blood
Ex. Hep A (food)

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14
Q

Vector

A

Something else carries disease like ticks, mosquitoes, fleas
Ex. Malaria, Rocky mnt spotted fever, Lyme disease

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15
Q

How do organisms get into the body? Portal of entry?

A

-Oropharynx
-Nasopharynx
-Genitourinary tract: STDS, Catheter
-Translocation
-Blood
-Maternal-Fetal transmission
-Wounds
-Cuts
-Skin integrity issues

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16
Q

What is the bodies biggest barrier to organisms getting into the body?

A

The Skin

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17
Q

Translocation

A

-Movement of bacteria across the intestinal lining
-Occurs frequently in the perotineal cavity
-Bloodstream
Ex. Infection in blood & blood takes nutrients to bone can get bone infection

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18
Q

Blood Portal of entry

A

-Blood transfusion contamination
-Needle sticks

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19
Q

Maternal-Fetal transmission

A

-Cross the placental barrier and directly to fetus
-Can occur during childbirth
Ex. Zika, listera

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20
Q

What are the stages of infection?

A
  1. Incubation period
  2. Prodromal stage
  3. Acute stage
  4. Convalescent stage
  5. Resolution phase
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21
Q

Incubation

A

Time when microorganisms gets into body to when symptoms 1st appear. Typically no symptoms it is just growing and multiplying

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22
Q

Prodromal stage

A

Onset of nonspecific symptoms like not feeling goof or extra tired

23
Q

Acute stage

A

Specific S/S, full blown can’t get out of bed

24
Q

Convalescent stage

A

Coming out of acute stage, symptoms starting to get better, illness disappearing

25
Q

Resolution phase

A

Pathogen is eliminated from your body

26
Q

The infectious process (aka inflammatory process)

A

Process where body begins fighting somethings thats going on

  1. Injury
  2. Increased permeability
  3. Immigration of leukocytes
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Exudate
  6. Systemic symptoms
27
Q

The infectious process: Injury

A

-Initial insult to area occurs
-Short period of vasoconstriction followed by longer period of vasodilation

27
Q

Purpose of vasoconstriction in Injury stage

A

To stop bleeding & prevent movement of invading organisms

27
Q

Purpose of vasodilation in 1. injury phase

A

-Free flow of blood to injury site
-Bring immune cells (WBCs)
-Contribute to inflammation: warmth, redness, swelling

28
Q

The infectious process: 2. Increased permeability phase

A

At site of injury fluid pukked out of vascular space to site of injury
-Becomes leaky and permeable

29
Q

The infectious process: 3. Immigration of leukocytes phase

A

Neutrophils attracted to area of injury
-Neutrophils attach to endothelium of injured cells and move through into surrounding injured tissue
-Eosinophils, NK cells, monocytes involved too

30
Q

The infectious process: 4. Phagocytosis Phase

A

-Once leukocytes make it to injury site, phagocytosis occurs
-Neutrophils and monocytes recognize, engulf, and destroy invading organisms

31
Q

The infectious process: 5. Exudate Phase

A

-Exudate: the stuff that comes from fluid leaking from blood vessels, along with cells and debris from phagocytosis
-purpose is to transport leukocytes to injured site, dilute toxins, and transport nutrients for the healing process
-Types: Serous, Serosanguinous, Purulent, Hemorrhagic

32
Q

The infectious process: 6. Systemic Symptoms Phase

A

-Occurs if infectious process doesn’t remain localized
-total body response
-Fever set point increases

33
Q

What does a fever do for the body?

A
  1. Conserve heat
  2. Stimulate defense mechanisms to rid body of organisms
  3. In heat, some bacteria less virulent and divide slower
  4. Improves our own immune system: improve neutrophil and macrophage function & improve antibody release and T-cell acivation
34
Q

What happens if we don’t get rid of infection and it goes on past systemic infection?

A

Colonization or injection

35
Q

Colonization

A

-Inhabit a specific body site but doesn’t cause S/S of infection
-Immune system keeps it to a minimum
Ex. Non-symptomatic staph infection on skin or vancomycin resistant entercoccus

-Colonization w/o infection can turn into infection if immune system compromised

36
Q

Infection

A

-Clinical S/S of illness, inflammation
-Caused by tissue damage r/t invasion of microorganisms

37
Q

How do we know there is an infection?

A

Vital signs: Temp, HR, RR, Higher metabolic rate
Labs: cultures, urinalysis

38
Q

Gram stain

A

-take body fluid and stain it
-returned within hours
-Gram + or Gram -
-Gram - more dangerous due to camouflagedC

39
Q

Culture and sensitivity time

A

Takes atleast 24 hours for basic result and 72 hours for full identification and sensitivity pattern

40
Q

What can you culture

A

-Sputum
-Urine
-Blood: Aerobic & Anaerobic bottles, peripheral stick, skin contamination, 2 sets preferred

41
Q

Septic

A

infection of blood

42
Q

What is normal urine suppose to include?

A

No bacteria
No Leukocyte esterase
No nitrites
<5 WBC
<5 RBC
<5 Epithelial cells
pH 5.0-9.0

43
Q

When bacteria is found in urine _____ becomes ______

A

nitrates becomes nitrites

44
Q

Nosocomia

A

Infections that occur while in healthcare facility
-more virulent

45
Q

Drug resistant bacteria:

A
  1. MRSA: resistant to specific drug
  2. CRE: resistant to entire class of medications
  3. MDRO: Multi drug resistant organism
  4. VRE
46
Q

Superinfections

A

New infection that occurs during treatment for a different infection
-Antimicrobials we use to treat initial/ primary infection, inhibit or kill normal helpful flora
-GI tract, skin, mucosal surfaces

47
Q

C-diff Superinfection

A

Clostridium Difficile
-Normal intestinal flora killed by antimicrobial administration
-able to control w/o normal control factors
-can occur days to months after antibiotic treatment
-IV antibiotics or intense oral antibiotics

48
Q

Identification and Treatment of C-diff

A

-Identify in stool by PCR
-Treat with PO/IV metronidazole (flagyl) or PO vancomycin
-NEVER give antidiarrheal meds

49
Q

Complications of C-diff

A

Pseudomembranous colitis
-Life threatening
-Dilation of the colon which may need decompression (Air removal)
-May require surgery

50
Q

Candidiasis Superinfection

A

-Yeast infection
-Antimicrobial agents kill normal flora with the pathogen intended to kill
-Overgrowth of fungus
-Oral (Thrush, vaginal, esophagus, Skin)

51
Q

How do you prevent Candidiasis

A
  1. Mycostatin- swish & spit anti-fungal medication
  2. Nystatin- Antifungal powder, think athletes foot spray/ powder

NUR 325 (21 decks)

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