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NUR 325 > Intro to Pharmacology > Flashcards

Intro to Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the Biological effects of drugs (chemicals) that are introduced into the body to cause some sort of change

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What happens to drugs in the body?
(4 components)

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

-Whatd drugs do to the body
-Mechanism of action
-Effects on the body

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4
Q

Chemical Name

A

Long and complex
Used in Research
Ex. N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

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5
Q

Generic Name

A

-Official name of drug
-Only 1 generic name
-Usually more complicated than trade name
-Lower case
-Has to be on every bottle
-Ex. Acetaminophen
-Exams will have generic name

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6
Q

Trade Name

A

-Brand name, give by pharmaceutical company
-Easier to remember and pronounce
-Ex. Tylenol
-Upper case

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7
Q

Prototype

A

-One drug, typically first, that represents a group or class of medication
-New drugs in class are compared to the prototype (effectiveness and Side effects)
-Ex. Tylenol was the prototype of acetaminophen
-Ex 2. Advil was the prototype of Ibuprofen

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8
Q

Therapeutic effects

A

Intended effect of the drug
Ex. The therapeutic effects of acetaminophen is pain relief and lower temp

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9
Q

Side effects

A

Unintended and unavoidable effects
Ex. The side effects of acetaminophen is Upset tummy

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10
Q

Toxicities

A

Harmful effects

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11
Q

Adverse effects

A

-Unexpected reaction
-Dangerous reaction
-Used interchangeably with Side effects

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12
Q

Allergic Reaction

A

-Unexpected
-may be dangerous
-Involves Immune system

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13
Q

What do you need to know for each medication

A
  1. Name (generic and trade)
  2. Classification (drug class)
  3. MOA
  4. Indications
  5. Common/serious adverse effts
  6. Contraindications
  7. Nursing Indication
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14
Q

Classification (drug class)

A

Given to describe a group of medications that work similarly (usually by MOA, physiological effect, or chemical structure)
Ex. BP meds class is B-blocker or ace inhibitor

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15
Q

Mechanism of Action (MOA)

A

-How the drug works in the body
-What the med does in your body to get intended effect or indication

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16
Q

Indications

A

Why are we giving this med? What is it used to treat?o

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17
Q

Contraindications

A

Reason that people shouldn’t take this particular med
Ex. Liver failure pt pt shouldn’t take acetaminophen

18
Q

Nursing indication

A

-What does the nurse need to worry about with this med?
-What should be assesssed prior to giving this med/
-Are there any serious interactions?
-Is it a CYP drug?
Ex. Need to know pts BP before giving BP meds or can you give 2 particular drugs together?

19
Q

How are new drugs approved?

A

FDA- Food and drug administration
-Chemical identified, undergoes strict scientific tests (only 5 in 100,000 will eventually be marketed drugs)

20
Q

What are the stages of a clinical trail?

A
  1. Preclinical trial
  2. Phase I studies
  3. Phase II studies
  4. Phase III studies
  5. Phase IV studies
21
Q

Preclinical trials

A

Tested on lab animals for therapeutic and adverse effects

22
Q

Phase I studies

A

Healthy human volunteers are used to test the drug

23
Q

Phase II studies

A

Drug is tried on patients who have the disease that the drug is designed to treat
(After strong evidence of success in this phase can move to Phase III)

24
Q

Phase III studies

A

-The drug is used in a vast clinical market.
-Prescribers informed of adverse effects and monitor their patients closely.
-Unexpected responses may occur and the drug may be withdrawn from the market

25
Q

Phase IV studies

A

-Continued evaluation by the FDA
-Postmarket of the drug
-Available to everybody
-Not in signed clinical trial
-If severe adverse reactions emerge manufacturer request black box warning or adding serious effects

26
Q

Schedule 1 controlled substances

A

-Not approved for medical use, no reason to prescribe
-Heroin, LSD
-No therapeutic effect

27
Q

Schedule 2 controlled substances

A

-Used medically, but HIGH potential for abuse
-No refills, need new prescriptions every time
-Narcotics (opioids), amphetamines (Hydromorphine (Dilaudid), oxymoron, oxy cotton)

28
Q

Schedule 3 controlled substances

A

-Less potential for abuse
-Non barbiturate sedatives, non-amphetamines, stimulants (lortab, vicodin)

29
Q

Schedule 4 controlled substances

A

-Some potential for abuse
-Primary sedatives, anti anxiety meds (Xanax, valium, ambien)

30
Q

Schedule 5 controlled substances

A

-Low potential for abuse
-Medications containing small amounts of certain narcotics or stimulants, usually antitussives (cough suppressants with some codeine, ephedrine containing medications)

31
Q

Over the counter meds

A

-What he take for regular aches, pains, tummy aches, etc.
-Over 80 classes of OTC meds
-Antihistamines, sleep aids, analgesics, antacids, laxatives
-Consumers able to diagnose own condition and monitor effectiveness easily
-Low risk of side effects and low abuse potential
-Some OTC medications are available only behind pharmacy counter due to abuse possibility (Sudafed, narcan)

32
Q

Dietary and Herbal Supplements

A

-Can only claim affect on body structure or function (not medical condition)
-Dietary supplement health education act- can’t claim medical treatment and purity standards
Ex. St Johns Wort- affects emotional balance (not treats depression)
-Label restrictions on dietary and herbals

33
Q

Adverse interactions between drugs and herbals

A

-Some herbals can increase toxicity of prescription meds or cause decreased therapeutic effects
-Teaching points: when getting medical history ask specifically about other medications, supplements, OTC, herbals, vitamins, etc.
-Ex. Ginko Biboba suppress platelet aggregation

34
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that can cause congenital malformations in developing fetus
-Alcohol, marijuana, caffeine, and nicotine

35
Q

Category A teratogens

A

Safe for the fetus

36
Q

Category B teratogens

A

Lack of studies to show benefit/risk

37
Q

Category C teratogens

A

No studies, animal studies possible risk, talk to OB

38
Q

Category D teratogens

A

Drugs that have possible risk to the fetus
-Discuss with OB/GYN about risks and benefits

39
Q

Category X teratogens

A

-Drugs that have KNOWN RISK and CANNOT BE outweighed by possible benefits
-Usually have to be on form of birth control to take
-Ex. Thalidomide, many chemotherapy agents, Isotretinoin/ retin A (Accutane- for acne)

40
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

-Study of how GENES affect a persons response to drugs
-Combines pharmacology and genomics to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a persons genetic makeup

NUR 325 (21 decks)

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