Cellular Adaption

Question 1

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 1

Changes that your cells go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function

Question 2

Cells can change there ____ and ______.
Normal & Abnormal Examples

Answer 2

size and form

Normal: work out so muscles grow or uterine cells change with pregnancy

Abnormal: Something causes change like radiation, medication, or lack of O2

Question 3

Atrophy

Answer 3

Decreased or shrinking cell size

Question 4

Pathologic atrophy

Answer 4

related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions (more common)
-Nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging
Ex. break a leg so don’t use it so muscle shrinks

Question 5

Physiological atrophy

Answer 5

related to developmental issue (less common)
Ex. Thymus gland

Question 6

Atrophied cells have decreased _______ and/or increased _________

Answer 6

Decreased Protein synthesis (building)

Increased Protein catabolism (breakdown

Question 7

Hypertrophy

Answer 7

Increased in size of the cell and can increase function
-Typically in response to mechanical stimuli: repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload

Question 8

What body part has appropriate hypertrophy? Inappropriate?

Answer 8

Appropriately: Muscle/skeletal cells
Inappropriately: Heart & Kidney

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

-Increase Number of cells
-Results from increased number of cellular division response to prolong injury or severe injury
-Never a good thing

Question 10

What cells can hyperplasia?

Answer 10

-Only cells who have ability to divide
-Skin (epidermal), intestinal epithelium, glandular cells

Question 11

What is example of normal physiological hyperplasia?

Answer 11

Pregnancy related changes and wound healing

Question 12

What is example of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 12

Common in cancers
-Endometriosis, Prostate cancer, thyroid hyperplasia (goiter)

Question 13

Dysplasia

Answer 13

-Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
-often associated with neoplastic growth (cancerous cells) but does not =cancer

Question 14

What symptoms are associated with Dysplasia?

Answer 14

Inflammation and chronic irritation

Question 15

Metaplasia

Answer 15

-Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another (less specific to 1 area)
-pathologic response to chronic irritation or inflammation
-predispose to cancer

Question 16

Neoplasia

Answer 16

-Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator process (usually due to gene mutation

Question 17

Anaplasia

Answer 17

Cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form
-Cancer cells

Question 18

Anaplasia is associated with ____ and _____ tumors

Answer 18

Neoplasms and malignant tumors

Question 19

Cancer

Answer 19

uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation of and loss of ability to differentiate

Question 20

Benign

Answer 20

-Not cancer
-Differentiated cells (less anaplastic) aka more mature
-More like normal cells and unable to metastasize
-Grow Slowly
-Frequently encapsulated
-No problem unless in brain

Question 21

Malignant/ cancer

Answer 21

-Undifferentiated cells (more anaplastic) aka Super immature
-Reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
-Often metastasize
-No capsule

Question 22

Necrosis

Answer 22

Cellular injury that results in cellular death due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
-Swelling, bursting of cell, inflammation

Question 23

Ischemic necrosis

Answer 23

-Infarction
-Prolonged ischemia

Question 24

Necrosis can lead to ______

Answer 24

Gangrene: Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria

Question 25

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 25

In tissues with alot of lipids like the brain or numerous inflammatory cells- necrosis becomes necrotic cells (burst cells) that can become liquid and be called liquefactive necrosis. Cells are digested by enzymes to become liquified

Question 26

Define Gangrene

Answer 26

Large mass of tissue usually related to the disruption of the major blood supply to an area and theres bacterial invasion
-Most commonly seen in lower extremities of pts with poor circulation

Question 27

Dry Gangrene

Answer 27

-Blackened, dry, wrinkled
-Minimal bacteria present
-No huge inflammatory response
-Slow spread (wks-months)
-Demarcation line: Line btwn dead and healthy tissue

Question 28

Wet Gangrene

Answer 28

-Liquefaction, foul smell, rapid spread, can be systematic
-Most common in internal organs that are fatty but limbs too
-Moist, dark under tension, cold, pulseless, swollen, blisters
-No demarcation line

Question 29

Gas Gangrene

Answer 29

-Clostridium Perfringens: anaerobic spore forming
-Gaseous bubbles
-Found in soil and more likely to occur if severe trauma or compound fracture (think ATV accident)
-Very serious