Cellular Adaption Flashcards
Cellular Adaptation
Changes that your cells go through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function
Cells can change there ____ and ______.
Normal & Abnormal Examples
size and form
Normal: work out so muscles grow or uterine cells change with pregnancy
Abnormal: Something causes change like radiation, medication, or lack of O2
Atrophy
Decreased or shrinking cell size
Pathologic atrophy
related to decreased workload or changed environmental conditions (more common)
-Nutritional deficiencies, blood supply decreased, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging
Ex. break a leg so don’t use it so muscle shrinks
Physiological atrophy
related to developmental issue (less common)
Ex. Thymus gland
Atrophied cells have decreased _______ and/or increased _________
Decreased Protein synthesis (building)
Increased Protein catabolism (breakdown
Hypertrophy
Increased in size of the cell and can increase function
-Typically in response to mechanical stimuli: repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload
What body part has appropriate hypertrophy? Inappropriate?
Appropriately: Muscle/skeletal cells
Inappropriately: Heart & Kidney
Hyperplasia
-Increase Number of cells
-Results from increased number of cellular division response to prolong injury or severe injury
-Never a good thing
What cells can hyperplasia?
-Only cells who have ability to divide
-Skin (epidermal), intestinal epithelium, glandular cells
What is example of normal physiological hyperplasia?
Pregnancy related changes and wound healing
What is example of pathologic hyperplasia
Common in cancers
-Endometriosis, Prostate cancer, thyroid hyperplasia (goiter)
Dysplasia
-Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
-often associated with neoplastic growth (cancerous cells) but does not =cancer
What symptoms are associated with Dysplasia?
Inflammation and chronic irritation
Metaplasia
-Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another (less specific to 1 area)
-pathologic response to chronic irritation or inflammation
-predispose to cancer
Neoplasia
-Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator process (usually due to gene mutation
Anaplasia
Cells differentiate to immature form or embryonic form
-Cancer cells
Anaplasia is associated with ____ and _____ tumors
Neoplasms and malignant tumors
Cancer
uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation of and loss of ability to differentiate
Benign
-Not cancer
-Differentiated cells (less anaplastic) aka more mature
-More like normal cells and unable to metastasize
-Grow Slowly
-Frequently encapsulated
-No problem unless in brain
Malignant/ cancer
-Undifferentiated cells (more anaplastic) aka Super immature
-Reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
-Often metastasize
-No capsule
Necrosis
Cellular injury that results in cellular death due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply
-Swelling, bursting of cell, inflammation
Ischemic necrosis
-Infarction
-Prolonged ischemia
Necrosis can lead to ______
Gangrene: Dead tissue is breeding ground for bacteria
Liquefactive necrosis
In tissues with alot of lipids like the brain or numerous inflammatory cells- necrosis becomes necrotic cells (burst cells) that can become liquid and be called liquefactive necrosis. Cells are digested by enzymes to become liquified
Define Gangrene
Large mass of tissue usually related to the disruption of the major blood supply to an area and theres bacterial invasion
-Most commonly seen in lower extremities of pts with poor circulation
Dry Gangrene
-Blackened, dry, wrinkled
-Minimal bacteria present
-No huge inflammatory response
-Slow spread (wks-months)
-Demarcation line: Line btwn dead and healthy tissue
Wet Gangrene
-Liquefaction, foul smell, rapid spread, can be systematic
-Most common in internal organs that are fatty but limbs too
-Moist, dark under tension, cold, pulseless, swollen, blisters
-No demarcation line
Gas Gangrene
-Clostridium Perfringens: anaerobic spore forming
-Gaseous bubbles
-Found in soil and more likely to occur if severe trauma or compound fracture (think ATV accident)
-Very serious
