E2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Diabetes is the ___ leading cause of death

Answer 1

7th

Question 2

Define Diabetes

Answer 2

Metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia that results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Question 3

What is the primary source of glucose

Answer 3

Carbohydrates (simple sugars & complex chemical units)

Question 4

Carbohydrates are broken down in the

Answer 4

duodenum and proximal jejunum

Question 5

What are the 3 things that liver does to regulate glucose?

Answer 5

1. Extracts glucose
2. Synthesizes it into glycogen (energy storage)
3. Glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen)

Question 6

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Answer 6

Exocrine: Pancreatic cells secrete directly into ducts (not bloodstream)- help break down food

Endocrine: Cells secrete insulin directly into bloodstream

Question 7

Endocrine action of the pancreas happens in the

Answer 7

islet of langerhans

Question 8

What do Alpha cells do?

Answer 8

Secrete glucagon in response to low sugar

Question 9

What do Beta cells do?

Answer 9

Produce insulin, which lowers glucose levels by stimulating the movement of glucose into body tissue
(insulin stimulates cells to use glucose)

Question 10

What does glucagon do?

Answer 10

Stimulated by pancreas to stimulate the liver to release stored glucose in to the blood

Question 11

_____ lowers blood sugar

Answer 11

insulin

Question 12

____ raises blood sugar

Answer 12

Glucagon (islet of langerhans)
Epinephrine
Glucocorticoids
Growth Hormone

Question 13

The hormones that increases and decreases blood sugar create a counter-regulatory mechanism that prevents ______ under effect of insulin

Answer 13

hypoglycemia

Question 14

What does insulin do?

Answer 14

-Stimulates uptake, utilization, and storage of glucose
-Stimulates the liver to store glucose (as glycogen)
-Decreases plasma concentrations of glucose
-Acts like a key to open cells to take in glucose

Question 15

Insulin and Lipid metabolism

Answer 15

-Insulin promotes synthesis of fatty acids in the liver
-Insulin inhibits the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue
-Insulin has a fat sparing effect that drives cells to use carbohydrates instead of fat for energy

Question 16

What happens when you don’t have enough insulin?

Answer 16

-Can’t breakdown carbohydrates efficiently
-Decreased glucose use by cells

Then there is a rapid build up of glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and cells use alternate source of energy (fatty acids)

Question 17

When there is an insulin deficiency what happens with lipolysis?

Answer 17

1. Increased lipolysis (fat breakdown)
2. Decreased lipogenesis (formation of fat)
3. Creating Free Fatty Acids in blood
4. Increasing cholesterol and phospholipids
5. Free fatty acids break down to Acetyl-CoA
6. Then we get Ketone Bodies

Question 18

Short term complications of impaired fat metabolism

Answer 18

Increased serum ketones
-Ketosis
-Measured by blood and urine levels of ketones
-Ketosis can cause severe metabolic acidosis –> coma

Question 19

Long term complications of impaired fat metabolism

Answer 19

Atherosclerosis because of high serum lipid levels