Introduction to Immunity and Vaccines Flashcards
Inflammation
-Occurs with cell injury
-Protective mechanism that begins the healing process
-Becomes problem if left unchecked
What are the Inflammation protective mechanisms that begins the healing process?
- Destroy invading and harmful agents
- Limit the spread of harmful agents
- Prepare damaged tissue for repair
What suffix is used to describe conditions with inflammation?
-itis
Inflammation signs
-Redness
-Swelling
-Heat
-Pain
-Loss of function
Causes of inflammation
-Exogenous (surgery, trauma, Burn)
-Endogenous (tissue ischemia)
Types of inflammation
-Acute: less than 2 weeks, helpful to body
-Chronic: can result in scar tissue, no longer helpful to body
Events of Inflammation
- Tissue injury or bacterial antigens
- Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability (easy passage into and out of blood vessel)
- Leukocyte recruitment and emigration (monocytes & neutrophils) -Chemotaxis
- Phagocytosis of antigen and debris
Chemotaxis
process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue
What does phagocytosis lead to?
Inflammatory exudates
Exudate
-Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils, and debris
-Vary in composition (depending on severity of inflammation)
Serous exudate
Watery
Low protein
Mild inflammation
Good surgery healing healing site
Serosanguinesous exudate
Pink-tinged fluid
Small amount of RBC
Immediately after surgery
Purulent exudate
-Severe inflammation with bacterial infection
-Neutrophils, protein, and debris
-Abscesses may require drainage
-Think infection
Hemmorhagic
-Lots of RBCs
-Most severe inflammation
-Pt is bleeding from somewhere and we have a big problem
-Think bleeding
Inflammation can lead to systemic manifestations like
-Fever
-Increased neutrophils
-Lethargy
-Muscle catabolism (muscle breakdown)
________ are responsible for systematic manifestations
Cytokines
Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
-Cluster of genes on chromosome 6
-AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
-Proteins made by these genes are on cell surfaces
-Identify as self
-2 major classes: MHC Class I and Class II
Specific adaptive immunity
-Recognize and destroy foreign invaders
-Retaining memory of invaders (adaptive): B cell and T cell
Humoral Immunity = Antibody Immunity
B-cells
-Memory cells: cells that remember exposure to antigen
-Plasma cells: cells that secrete antibodies
Cell-mediated
T-cells
-Recognize antigens presented on surface of cells
Antigen
Bad cells that come into our body, identified as nonself
Antibodies are also known as _______, and the 5 classes
Immunoglobulins
IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
-Most common
-75-80%
-Protects against bacterial and viral infections
-Previous infection or vaccination
IgM
-10%
-Activates compliment for cytotoxic functions
-Early, recent infection
-1st to come after vaccine or infection
IgA
-Secretory functions
-Protects against infections
-Found in saliva, tears, secretions, breast milk, GI, GU
IgD
-Trace amounts in serum
-More on B-cells
-Stimulates B-cells to multiply and differentiate
IgE
-Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions
-Signaling of mast cell degranulation
Passive Immunity
-Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
-Mother to fetus
-Injection of antibodies
-Can cross placenta & passed through breastmilk
Active Immunity
-Protected state due to body’s own immune response
-Active infection
-Vaccines
Traditional vaccine
-Inactive or killed organisms
-Injected Flu vaccine
Attenuated vaccine
-Weakened organisms
-People with weakened immune system or underlying health condition should not be exposed to these
Toxoids vaccine
-Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin
-Ex. Tetanus
Conjugate vaccine
-Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response
-Ex. H. Influenza type B
mRNA vaccine
-Most known kind
-Takes a snip from genetic code of a virus and teaches antibodies to respond
-Ex. Pfizer and moderna COVID vaccine
