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MD2 Foundation > Introduction to Dermatology > Flashcards

Introduction to Dermatology Flashcards

1
Q

What skin condition can happen in diabetes?

A

Dermatolipsclerosis

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2
Q

What is pitiriasis?

A

Scaling

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3
Q

What pathological processes can occur in the skin?

A 
Infective
Immunological
Neoplastic
- Benign; eg: psoriasis
- Malignant
Inflammatory
Traumatic
Metabolic
Genetic
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4
Q

Which part of the skin structure is psoriasis a disease of?

A

Basement membrane

Abnormal epidermal cells > produce keratin > scale

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5
Q

Which part of the skin does urticaria occur in?

A

Dermis

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A 
Protection from environment
- Physical
- Immune
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D synthesis
Keeps organs inside
Sensation
Aesthetic
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7
Q

What are the three layers of the skin, from superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutis/panniculus/hypodermis

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8
Q

What primarily makes up the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes

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9
Q

What primarily makes up the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts
Collagen
Elastic fibres

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10
Q

What makes up the hypodermis?

A

Fat

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11
Q

What are the four main layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep?

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum = granular cell layer
Stratum spinosum = spiny layer
Stratum basale = basal cell layer

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12
Q

In which direction do epidermal cells mature?

A

Deep to superficial

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13
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

Source of epidermal stem cells
Site of cell division
Keratinocytes start here and move upwards

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14
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum

A

Centre of epidermis

Has spiny appearance due to desmosomal junctions

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15
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum

A

Lipids produced by keratinocytes secreted into extracellular space
Forms water barrier > keeps water in skin

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16
Q

Describe the stratum corneum

A

Made of desquamating keratinocytes
Thick outer layers of flattened keratinised non-nucleated cells
Barrier against trauma and infection

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17
Q

What is the most common form of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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18
Q

What are the cells of origin of basal cell carcinoma?

A

Basal keratinocytes

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19
Q

What are the three main cell types in the epidermin?

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells

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20
Q

What is the ratio of keratinocytes to melanocytes?

A

10:1

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21
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

Produce pigment = melanin

Transfer melanin to keratinocytes via dendrites in stratum basale

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22
Q

What are melanocytic nevi?

A

Moles = benign collections of melanocytes

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23
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

Malignancy of melanocytes

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24
Q

What is the main function of Langerhans cells?

A

Immune = dendritic cells

25
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis

26
Q

What is the function of the dermis?

A

Support

27
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A 
Blood
Lymphatics
Nerves
Sweat glands
Hair follicles
28
Q

What are the cells of the dermis?

A

Fibroblasts

Mast cells

29
Q

What are kelloids?

A

Abnormal scars

Uncontrolled synthesis and excessive deposition of collagen at sites of prior dermal injury and wound repair

30
Q

What is the major effector cell in urticaria?

A

Mast cell

31
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

Insulates body
Energy supply
Cushions and protects skin
Allows for skin mobility over underlying structures

32
Q

What is erythema nodosum?

A

Inflammation of hypodermis

33
Q

What makes up the pilosebaceous unit?

A 
Hair follicle
Sebaceous glands
Apocrine glands
- Only in axillary and anogenital areas
- Open directly into hair follicle
Arrector pili muscle
34
Q

Where do eccrine glands open to?

A

Directly onto skin surface

Present throughout body

35
Q

What questions do you ask in a history of a rash?

A 
When did it begin?
- Context of onset
Where on the body did it begin?
How has it evolved so far?
- Sites
- Has the rash itself changed?
Symptoms of rash
Have you had something similar before
Other sites involved
- Mucosal surfaces
- Hair
- Nails
- Teeth
Exacerbating factors
Have you tried any treatments?
Have you come into contact with any new substances?
Have you started any new medications?
Associated features
Have others around you had a similar rash?
36
Q

What are the red flag symptoms associated with a rash?

A 
Shortness of breath
Tongue swelling
Joint pain
Fever and sweats
New lumps or bumps
37
Q

What questions do you ask in a history of a lesion?

A 
When did it develop?
Is it new or old?
Does it come and go, or stay?
How many lesions are there?
How has it changed over time?
- Size
- Shape
- Colour
Have you had a similar lesion before?
Symptoms of lesion
Sun exposure history
Past history of skin cancers
Treatment for skin cancers in past
Family history of skin cancers
38
Q

What is erythema?

A

Redness of skin due to vasodilation

39
Q

What is erythroderma?

A

Erythema over >90% of body surface area

40
Q

What is scale?

A

Abnormal accumulation of keratin

Surface change

41
Q

What is a macule?

A

Flat area of altered skin colour

Impalpable

42
Q

What is a papule?

A

Elevated lesion

Less than 5 mm

43
Q

What is a nodule?

A

Elevated lesion

More than 5 mm

44
Q

What is a cyst?

A

Nodule with fluid within

45
Q

What is a plaque?

A

Circumscribed, elevated area of skin

Breadth greater than thickness

46
Q

What is a wheal?

A

Area of localised oedema of skin

47
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Fluid-filled blister

48
Q

What is a pustule?

A

Vesicle/bulla containing pus

- Pus can be sterile

49
Q

What is an erosion?

A

Superficial loss of epidermis

Doesn’t scar

50
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Area of tissue loss through dermis

Forms scar

51
Q

What is a crust?

A

Scab = dried exudate

Forms erosion/ulcer

52
Q

What is telangiectasia?

A

Dilated blood vessels

53
Q

What are petechiae?

A

Pinpoint bleeding into skin/mucosae

Doesn’t blanch

54
Q

What are purpura?

A

Discolouration of skin/mucous membranes
Due to bleeding from small vessels
Non-blanching

55
Q

What is sclerosis?

A

Hardening of subcutaneous tissue and dermis

56
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Thinning of epidermis

57
Q

How do you describe the distribution of a skin pathology?

A

Flexural/extensor
Sun-exposed
Follicular/non-follicular
Symmetrical

58
Q

What are red flags in skin pathology?

A 
Skin pain
Blisters/pustules, especially if widespread
Punched out lesions
Mucosal involvement
Rapid change in any presentation
Purpura
Confluent erythema
Facial swelling
Tongue swelling
Hoarse voice
Difficulty swallowing/breathing
Urticaria
Change in
- Size
- Shape
- Colour
59
Q

What are other concerning features associated with skin lesions?

A 
Shortness of rbeath
Joint pain and swelling
Fever
Sweats
Lymphadenopathy
Pregnancy
Contacts

MD2 Foundation (42 decks)

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