Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2 Foundation > Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Stewardship > Flashcards

Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Stewardship Flashcards

1
Q

What is a healthcare associated infection?

A

Occuring >48 hours after hospital admission
Patients in community also receive healthcare
Multi-resistant organisms in community in patients with risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What bacteria aren’t covered by piperacillin?

A

MRSA

ESBL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What bacteria that aren’t covered by piperacillin, but are by vancomycin?

A

MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

If Gram positive cocci are seen in blood cultures, what guides empirical treatment until sensitivities come back?

A

Continue to cover MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the requirements for the transmission of pathogens?

A

Source
Mode of transmission
Susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the possible sources of a nosocomial infection?

A 
Animate
- Healthcare worker
- Patient
- Visitor
Inanimate
- Fomite
- Environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the modes of transmissions of nosocomial infections?

A 
Contact transmission
- Direct = person-to-person
- Indirect = via contaminated intermediate object/person
Droplet
- >5 um
- Generated by coughing and sneezing
- Drop to ground by 1 m
Airborne
- <5 um
- Stay suspended in air
- Dispersed widely by air currents
- May be inhaled by susceptible hosts over long distances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the risk factors for infection?

A 
Old and young age
Diabetes
Immune compromise
Other medical conditions
Intensive care
Breech of 1st line defences
- IV lines
- Urinary catheters
- Endotracheal tube
- Drain tube
- Procedures
- Antimicrobial therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Resistant to all penicillins and most cephalosporins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where can MRSA colonise on the body?

A 
Nose
Throat
Groin
Axilla
GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary mode of spread of MRSA?

A

Contaminated hands of healthcare workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is VRE colonisation tested for?

A

Rectal swabs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is bacterial colonisation?

A

Growth somewhere in body without causing any clinical illness
Predisposes to developing infection
Can be transmitted to other patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do you need to treat colonisation?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are VRE and multi-resistant Gram negative bacilli important?

A

Limited in choice of antibiotics

Have to treat in hospital - no oral options

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is VRE?

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococcus

17
Q

What is the primary mode of spread of VRE?

A

Contaminated hands of healthcare workers

Environment also important

18
Q

Where is the primary colonisation site of VRE?

A

GI tract

19
Q

What are the precautions for VRE?

A

Contact precautions
Single rooms
Environmental cleaning

20
Q

What is the importance of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)?

A

Genes often on plasmids
- Easily transmissible
- May also carry other resistance genes
High mortality rates

21
Q

How is CPE transmitted?

A

Patient-to-patient

22
Q

Why do you need to ask if patients have been in an overseas healthcare facility overnight in the past year, regarding CPE?

A

Associated with medical tourism and travel

23
Q

What do you need to do if a patient has been in an overseas healthcare facility overnight in the past year?

A

Screening for CPE

Contact precautions

24
Q

What bacteria are included in Enterobacteriaceae?

A 
E coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus
Citrobacter
Serratia
25
Q

What are the first, second, and third line treatments for Clostridium difficile?

A 
1st = oral metronidazole
2nd = oral vancomycin
3rd = oral vancomycin + IV metronidazole
26
Q

What is a C difficile infection associated with?

A

Antibiotic use

Bad hand hygiene

27
Q

What does a C difficile infection cause?

A

Diarrhoea
Pseudomembranous colitis
Toxic megacolon

28
Q

What are some major hospital associated pathogens?

A 
Bacterial
- MRSA
- VRE
- Multi-resistant Gram negative bacilli
- C difficile
- TB
Viral
- Respiratory viruses
- Norovirus
- Varicella
- Measles
- Viral haemorrhagic fever
Fungi
- Aspergillus
- Candida
29
Q

What does norovirus cause?

A

Gastroenteritis outbreaks

30
Q

Does alcohol kill norovirus?

A

No, need to use soap and water

31
Q

How is norovirus spread?

A

Contaminated food/water
Touching contaminated surfaces
Droplets from vomitus

32
Q

What is an outbreak?

A

Arises from point source
Increased numbers beyond expected
Subtyping shows same type

33
Q

How do you prevent healthcare associated infections?

A

Prevent development of antibiotic resistance
Prevention of transmission
Prevention of infection in individual patient

34
Q

What does inappropriate antibiotic use do?

A

Drives selection of resistant bacteria
Disrupts normal antimicrobial flora
Increases risk of colonisation with resistant bacteria
Risk of transmission to others

35
Q

What is antimicrobial stewardship?

A

Systematic approach to using antibiotics prudently
- Reduce inappropriate antimicrobial use
- Improve patient outcomes
- Reduce adverse consequences
Aims to change antimicrobial prescribing behaviour

36
Q

When don’t you used alcohol based products for hand hygiene?

A

Hands visibly soiled
Patient has
- Norovirus
- C difficile

MD2 Foundation (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions