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S2 Case 1 - IBD > Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry > Flashcards

Introduction to Bioinorganic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to atomic radius down the group + across the period?

A

Increases

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2
Q

What happens to ionisation energy down groups 1 + 2 and across period 1?

A

Increases

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3
Q

What is the equation for ionisation energy?

A

A(g) —-> A+(g) + e-(g)

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4
Q

What is the equation for e- affinity?

A

A+(g) + e-(g) —-> A-(g)

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5
Q

Where are elements that have highest e- affinity?

A

Top right

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6
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

Ability of an atom within a compound to attract e- towards itself

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7
Q

Where are atoms that are the most electronegative?

A

Top right

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8
Q

What are hardest atoms?

A

Highest ionisation energies
= small atoms, near fluorine

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9
Q

What are softest atoms?

A

Low ionisation energy

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10
Q

What are hard acid and bases?

A

Less polarisable
Form bonds with more ionic character

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11
Q

What are catalytic metals?

A

Many enzymes have metals attached to active site to act as catalyst

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12
Q

What factors influence the role of metal?

A

Valency
Ionic radius
Polarizability
Hydration energy
Radius of hydrated ion

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13
Q

What do hard acids prefer?
Works vice versa with soft acids

A

Hard bases

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14
Q

What is linear?

A

sp

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15
Q

What is equilateral triangle?

A

sp2

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16
Q

What is tetrahedron?

A

sp3

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17
Q

What is triagonal bi-pyramidal?

A

sp3d

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18
Q

What is octahedron?

A

sp3d2

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19
Q

What do different metals prefer?

A

Different coordination numbers

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20
Q

What are the most common coordination numbers found in biological systems?

A

4 = square planar tetrahedral
6 = octahedral

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21
Q

What can a ligand be?

A

Monodentate OR polydentate

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22
Q

What is monodentate?

A

Only one point of attachment to metal

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23
Q

What is polydentate?

A

More than one point of attachment too metal

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24
Q

What is ciprofloxacin?

A

Hard Lewis acid

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25
Q

What is a macrocyclic molecule?

A

Cyclic molecule (at least 9 atoms), containing 3 donor atoms - typically N, O, S or P

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26
Q

What are macrocyclic complexes?

A

More thermodynamically + kinetically stable than non-cyclic ligands

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27
Q

Are polydentate ligands more stable than monodentate?

A

YES

28
Q

What is the increasing stability of mono, poly + macrocyclic known as?

A

Chelate effect

29
Q

What is clinical significance of chelation?

A

Chelation changes physical + chemical characteristics of both components

30
Q

What are tetracyclines?

A

Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Treat the clap

31
Q

Describe tetracyclines mode of action

A

Bacteriostatic agents
Target 30s subunit
Block binding of aminoacyl tRNA in A-site

32
Q

Which metal is involved in mode of action of tetracyclines?

A

Mg2+

33
Q

What do tetracyclines form?

A

Chelates with Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+ + Zn2+

34
Q

What chelates do tetracyclines form with M3+?

A

3:1 drug-metal chelates

35
Q

What chelates do tetracyclines form with M2+?

A

2:1 drug-metal chelates

36
Q

What do Al or Mg hydroxide-based antacids do?

A

Reduce absorption of tetracyclines

37
Q

What are tetracyclines not recommended for?
Ca2+ chelates

A

Kids under 12 = teeth yellow
Pregnant women = effect on skeletal growth

38
Q

What can metal ions do and what does this mean?

A

Stabilise conjugate bases
= pKa value of parent acid lowered

39
Q

What does it mean if an acid has a lower pKa?

A

STRONGER

40
Q

What does it mean if a base has a higher pKa?

A

STRONGER

41
Q

pKa = pH

A

50% ionised

42
Q

What do all carbonic anhydrase inhibitors contain?

A

All share sulphonamide = WAs

43
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase involved in?

A

Regulation of acid/base balance
Production of bicarbonate rich aq humor secretion

44
Q

What does carbonic anhydrase do?

A

Catalyse reaction between H2O + CO2 to for carbonic acid

45
Q

What is the equation for reaction between H2O + CO2?

A

CO2 (g) + H2O ⇌ carbonic acid ⇌ hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) + H+

46
Q

Which metal does carbonic anhydrase contain?

A

Zn2+

47
Q

Why is Zn2+ (metals) so important?

A

Metal drives it = remove Zn2+ = process doesn’t work
= catalyses process by modulating pKa of H2O = form OH- + giving correct geometry for cleft

48
Q

Where does Zn2+ sit in carbonic anhydrase?

A

Bottom cleft, which has 2 faces

49
Q

What is the hydrophobic face important for?
Carbonic anhydrase

A

Binding the substrate

50
Q

What is the hydrophilic face important for?
Carbonic anhydrase

A

Shuttling proton

51
Q

Does Ca2+ have a gradient?

A

YES
= through different cellular compartments

52
Q

What is the coordination number for Mg2+?

A

6

53
Q

What is the coordination number for Ca2+?

A

7

54
Q

What can Mg2+ + Ca2+ both be thought of as?

A

Lewis acids

55
Q

What is Mg2+ main role?

A

Catalytic sites of DNA polymerase

56
Q

What do protein kinases do?

A

Add phosphate group

57
Q

What do phosphatases do?

A

Remove phosphate group

58
Q

What is the phosphate supplied as?

A

Mg-ATP
DOESN’T work without Mg2+

59
Q

How is RNA different to DNA?

A

Perform catalytic functions

60
Q

What does tRNA contain?

A

Half-crucifixes
Mg2+ hold this shape

61
Q

What do ribosomes require?

A

Mg2+ ions to catalyse their splicing reactions

62
Q

Why is Mg2+ important in muscle cells?

A

Carries ATP/ADP so has to be present for it to be delivered

63
Q

What does Ca2+ regularly do?

A

Exchange H2O with other ligands

64
Q

What is calmodulin?

A

Protein involved in mediation of Ca2+ signal

65
Q

Describe structure of calmodulin

A

Small, acidic protein
Dumbbell shape
Binds 4x Ca2+

66
Q

What are the major donor groups for Ca2+?

A

Carbonyl + carboxylate groups

S2 Case 1 - IBD (18 decks)

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