Introduction, Physical Exam Test and Measures Flashcards
What are the dimensions of Nagi’s Model?
Active Pathology
Impairment
Functional Limitation
Disability
What is the definition of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health?
As a classification, ICF systematically groups different domains for a person in a given health condition (e.g. what a person with a disease or disorder does do or can do). This system is applied at the individual, institutional and societal level.
What are examples of body functions?
Mental Functions
Sensory functions and pain
Voice and speech functions
Functions of the cardiovascular & respiratory systems
Functions of the digestive system
What are examples of body structures?
Structures of the nervous system
The eye, ear & related structures
Structures involved in voice & speech
Structures of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Structures related to the digestive system
What defines an activity in the ICF model?
The execution of a task or action by an individual.
Examples: mobility, self-care, learning and applying knowledge
What defines activity limitations in the ICF Model?
Difficulties an individual may experience in executing activities
What defines as participation in the ICF model?
Involvement in a life situation
What defines as participation restrictions in the ICF model?
Problems an individual may experience in involvement in life situations.
What terms go under the Functioning “umbrella”?
Functional & structural integrity, activities, participation
What terms go under the Disability “umbrella”?
Impairments, activity limitations, participation restrictions
What are environmental factors as it relates to the ICF model?
The physical, social and attitudinal environment in which people live and conduct their lives. Products and technology, natural environment, human-made changes to environment, support and relationships & systems policies are all part of environmental factors.
What are considered personal factors as it relates to the ICF model?
The background of an individual’s life and living (features of the individual that are not part of a health condition). This also includes age, gender, lifestyle and education.
What is the process for episode of care?
Examination
Evaluation
Intervention
Outcomes
What are some things to consider when preparing the environment for examination?
Patient comfort, privacy, minimize distractions.
What should you consider when preparing yourself before examining a patient?
You are being watched. Clothing and jewelry, mental and emotional prepartion.
What are 4 types of questions that are effective in examination?
Open-ended questions
Closed-ended questions
Graded response questions
Multiple option questions
What are open-ended questions?
Questions that elicit narrative responses. Great for beginning interviews or new topics.
What are closed-ended questions?
Elicits only “yes” or “no” responses.
What are graded response questions?
Questions that illustrate the patient’s condition and/or can elicit a numeric response.
What are multiple-option questions?
Questions that help patients better describe the condition (i.e. think of closed-ended but with specific choices)
What are practices to avoid?
Asking multiple questions within a question
Asking leading questions
“Closing” an open-ended question
Asking questions that begin with why?
Overreacting to potentially concerning information
What are symptoms?
What the patient experiences or feels.
What are signs?
Found by the examiner, likely during tests and measures. They are observed, touched, smelled, heard, or measured.
What are red flags?
Associated with serious medical conditions. May require investigation or immediate referral to a medical professional.
What are yellow flags?
Signals “proceed with caution”. Atypical for patient’s current condition but doesn’t require immediate investigation or action.
What are the aspects of speech and language?
Language spoken
Hearing
Quantity of speech
Rate and Volume
Word articulation
Fluency
What is dysarthria?
Speech difficulties due to impaired motor control
What is dysphonia?
Difficulty in voice production (voice, quality, pitch)
What is aphasia?
It is a cognitive neurological disorder that renders difficulty or inability to understand or produce language.
What is Wernecke’s Aphasia?
Rapid, effortless speech, out of context
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Short meaningful phrases, requires great effort.
What is Global Aphasia?
Receptive and expressive, usually unable to communicate.
True or False: An individual with Wernicke’s aphasia would be nonfluent.
False: they would be fluent.
True or False: An individual with Broca’s aphasia would not be able to read or comprehend words.
False, they would be able to read and comprehend.
What loss of cognitive abilities would a person with dementia present with?
Global loss of: memory, attention, language, problem solving, new learning
What is apraxia?
Impairment of cognitive processing, inability to initiate or carry out learned purposeful tasks on command, patient understands the task and has the desire and physical ability to complete the task.
May be able to complete the task involuntarily.
What is orofacial apraxia?
Loss of ability to perform movements of the lips, mouth, and tongue on command.
What is ideomotor apraxia?
Loss of ability to perform learned tasks when provided with the necessary objects.
What is ideational apraxia?
Loss of ability to carry out learned tasks in the correct order.
What is attention in regards to cognition assessment?
Attend to a specific stimulus or task.
What is orientation in regards to cognition assessment?
Person, place and time
What is memory in regards to cognition assessment?
Immediate, short-term and long-term recall.
What are thought processes in regards to cognition assessment?
Logic, coherence, and relevance
What is a mood?
State of being, may not be outwardly expressed.
What is emotion?
Felt and often outwardly expressed. Relatively temporary and easily changed.
What can be found with anxiety disorders?
Increased HR, RR, muscle tension, sweating, tremors, sense of panic. No stimulus to justify such action.
Anxiety can stem from panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorders, etc.
What can be found with trauma-related disorders?
Anger, aggression, inability to feel pleasure, state of unease.
Example: PTSD
What can be found with depressive and bipolar disorders?
Disturbance of mood, exaggerated or limited range of feelings, large scale changes (rapid)
Examples: Bipolar, major depressive disorders
What can be found/reported with schizophrenia spectrum?
Delusions, hallucinations (visual, auditory, or tactile)
Examples: Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder
What can be found with somatic symptom disorders?
Signs & symptoms of a medical condition that does not physiologically exist.
Example: Conversion disorder.
What can be found with substance related & addictive disorders?
Ingested or injected substances to alter the sense of being. Or addicted to a certain activity to alter the sense of being.
Examples: gambling addiction, substance abuse.
What is posture?
Alignment of each body segment in relation to adjacent segments.
What is the ideal skeletal alignment?
Body’s center of mass direction over its base of support
Which type of aphasia is associated with the posterior inferior frontal lobe?
Broca’s Aphasia
Which type of aphasia is associated with the posterior superior temporal lope?
Wernicke’s Aphasia
How do you dig deep?
Be curious
Ask follow-up questions
Most importantly… look for “why”, not just “what.”
