Introduction

Question 1

What components are found in plasma?

Answer 1

Clotting factors
Coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies

Question 2

What causes high levels of things in blood?

Answer 2

Increased rate of production

Decreased rate of loss

Question 3

What causes low levels of things in blood?

Answer 3

Decreased rate of production

Increased rate of loss

Question 4

What are myeloid cells?

Answer 4

All cells coming out of bone marrow that aren’t lymphoid cells

Question 5

Where is eryhtropoietin produced?

Answer 5

Kidney in response to hypoxia

Question 6

What is reticulocyte count?

Answer 6

Measure of red cell production

Question 7

What are consequences of aaemia?

Answer 7

Poor gas transfer
dyspnoea
Fatigue

Question 8

What causes decreased production of red cells?

Answer 8

Deficiency - iron, folate, B12

Congenital - thalassaemias

Question 9

What causes increased loss of RBCs?

Answer 9

Bleeding

Haemolysis

Question 10

What is the function of platelets?

Answer 10

Haemostasis

Question 11

Where is thrombopoietin produced?

Answer 11

Liver, regulated by platelet mass feedback

Question 12

What are artificial agonists of thrombopoietin?

Answer 12

Romiplostim

Eltrombopag

Question 13

What is the life span of platelets?

Answer 13

7 days

Question 14

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 14

Marrow failure - immune destruction

Question 15

What drugs can cause altered function of platelets?

Answer 15

Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Abciximab

Question 16

What is the function of neutrophils?

Answer 16

Ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria anf fungi

Question 17

What is the speed of response of neutrophils?

Answer 17

A few hours

Question 18

How are neutrophils regulated?

Answer 18

Macrophages

IL-17

Question 19

What are the stages of neutrophil differentiation?

Answer 19

Blast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Neutrophil

Question 20

What causes decreased production of neutrophils?

Answer 20

Drugs

Marrow failure

Question 21

What causes increased consumption of neutrophils?

Answer 21

Sepsis

Autoimmune

Question 22

What is neutropenia?

Answer 22

Low neutrophils

Question 23

What causes increased neutrophils?

Answer 23

Infection

Inflammation

Question 24

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 24

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

Question 25

What are eosinophils functions?

Answer 25

Parasites | Allergy

Question 26

What part of the immune system are lymphocytes part of?

Answer 26

Adaptive immune system

Question 27

What are causes of low lymphocytes?

Answer 27

Post-viral | Lymphoma

Question 28

What are the 3 subtypes of lymphocytes?

Answer 28

B cells T cells Natural killer cells

Question 29

What is the function of B cells?

Answer 29

Antibody production

Question 30

What is the function of T cells?

Answer 30

Helper Cytotoxic Regulatory

Question 31

Where do B and T cells mature?

Answer 31

B - bone marrow | T - Thymus

Question 32

What are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 32

Bone marrow

Question 33

What is the purpose of antibodies?

Answer 33

Adaptor between pathogens and clearance systems - opsonisation

Question 34

What is human leucocyte antigen?

Answer 34

Displays antigens to the immune system

Question 35

What is class 1 human leucocyte antigen?

Answer 35

Presents intracellular antigens - viral, own DNA fragment

Question 36

What is class 2 human leucocyte antigen?

Answer 36

Displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells

Question 37

What are antigen presenting cells?

Answer 37

Cells which phagocytose pathogens

Question 38

What is positive and negative selection?

Answer 38

If cell recognises self antigens as threats it is destroyed to prevent autoimmunity

Question 39

What are examples of diseases affecting the blood?

Answer 39

``` Anaemia of chronic disease Iron deficiency Folate deficiency Immune haemolysis Neutrophilia Immune thrombocytopenia Cytopenias secondary to medication Felty syndrome ```

Question 40

What causes paraproteins?

Answer 40

Malignancy of plasma cell

Question 41

What is the normal range for haemoglobin in males?

Answer 41

135-170

Question 42

What is the normal range for haemoglobin in females?

Answer 42

120-160

Question 43

What is normal platelet count?

Answer 43

150-400

Question 44

What is normal white blood cell count?

Answer 44

4-10

Question 45

What drugs can be used in haematology treatments?

Answer 45

``` Cytotoxics Monoclonal antibodies Inhibitors of cellular proliferation Immunosuppresants Inhibitors of coagulation Inhibitors of fibrinolysis ```

Question 46

What can be replaced in haematological treatment?

Answer 46

Blood Haematinics Coagulation factors Plasma exchange

Question 47

What are components of the buffy coat in the blood?

Answer 47

Platelets | White cells

Question 48

What are functions of the blood?

Answer 48

Transport Maintenance of vascular integrity Protection from pathogens