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Haematology and immunology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What components are found in plasma?

A

Clotting factors
Coagulation factors
Albumin
Antibodies

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2
Q

What causes high levels of things in blood?

A

Increased rate of production

Decreased rate of loss

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3
Q

What causes low levels of things in blood?

A

Decreased rate of production

Increased rate of loss

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4
Q

What are myeloid cells?

A

All cells coming out of bone marrow that aren’t lymphoid cells

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5
Q

Where is eryhtropoietin produced?

A

Kidney in response to hypoxia

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6
Q

What is reticulocyte count?

A

Measure of red cell production

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7
Q

What are consequences of aaemia?

A

Poor gas transfer
dyspnoea
Fatigue

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8
Q

What causes decreased production of red cells?

A

Deficiency - iron, folate, B12

Congenital - thalassaemias

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9
Q

What causes increased loss of RBCs?

A

Bleeding

Haemolysis

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10
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Haemostasis

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11
Q

Where is thrombopoietin produced?

A

Liver, regulated by platelet mass feedback

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12
Q

What are artificial agonists of thrombopoietin?

A

Romiplostim

Eltrombopag

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13
Q

What is the life span of platelets?

A

7 days

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14
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Marrow failure - immune destruction

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15
Q

What drugs can cause altered function of platelets?

A

Aspirin
Clopidogrel
Abciximab

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16
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria anf fungi

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17
Q

What is the speed of response of neutrophils?

A

A few hours

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18
Q

How are neutrophils regulated?

A

Macrophages

IL-17

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19
Q

What are the stages of neutrophil differentiation?

A 
Blast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Neutrophil
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20
Q

What causes decreased production of neutrophils?

A

Drugs

Marrow failure

21
Q

What causes increased consumption of neutrophils?

A

Sepsis

Autoimmune

22
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

Low neutrophils

23
Q

What causes increased neutrophils?

A

Infection

Inflammation

24
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

To ingest and destroy pathogens, especially bacteria and fungi

25
Q

What are eosinophils functions?

A

Parasites

Allergy

26
Q

What part of the immune system are lymphocytes part of?

A

Adaptive immune system

27
Q

What are causes of low lymphocytes?

A

Post-viral

Lymphoma

28
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of lymphocytes?

A

B cells
T cells
Natural killer cells

29
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Antibody production

30
Q

What is the function of T cells?

A

Helper
Cytotoxic
Regulatory

31
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A

B - bone marrow

T - Thymus

32
Q

What are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

33
Q

What is the purpose of antibodies?

A

Adaptor between pathogens and clearance systems - opsonisation

34
Q

What is human leucocyte antigen?

A

Displays antigens to the immune system

35
Q

What is class 1 human leucocyte antigen?

A

Presents intracellular antigens - viral, own DNA fragment

36
Q

What is class 2 human leucocyte antigen?

A

Displays antigens eaten by professional antigen presenting cells

37
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Cells which phagocytose pathogens

38
Q

What is positive and negative selection?

A

If cell recognises self antigens as threats it is destroyed to prevent autoimmunity

39
Q

What are examples of diseases affecting the blood?

A 
Anaemia of chronic disease
Iron deficiency
Folate deficiency
Immune haemolysis
Neutrophilia
Immune thrombocytopenia
Cytopenias secondary to medication
Felty syndrome
40
Q

What causes paraproteins?

A

Malignancy of plasma cell

41
Q

What is the normal range for haemoglobin in males?

A

135-170

42
Q

What is the normal range for haemoglobin in females?

A

120-160

43
Q

What is normal platelet count?

A

150-400

44
Q

What is normal white blood cell count?

A

4-10

45
Q

What drugs can be used in haematology treatments?

A 
Cytotoxics
Monoclonal antibodies
Inhibitors of cellular proliferation
Immunosuppresants
Inhibitors of coagulation
Inhibitors of fibrinolysis
46
Q

What can be replaced in haematological treatment?

A

Blood
Haematinics
Coagulation factors
Plasma exchange

47
Q

What are components of the buffy coat in the blood?

A

Platelets

White cells

48
Q

What are functions of the blood?

A

Transport
Maintenance of vascular integrity
Protection from pathogens

Haematology and immunology (19 decks)

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