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Haematology and immunology > Hypersensitivity > Flashcards

Hypersensitivity Flashcards

1
Q

What are hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Excessive immune responses that cause damage

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2
Q

What antigens can cause hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Infectious agents
Environmental substances
Self antigens

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3
Q

What is a common causative organism of hypersensitivity?

A

Influenza virus

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4
Q

What environmental substances can cause hypersensitivity?

A

Dust - mimics parasites

Nickel

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5
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity?

A

Mediated through degranulation of mast cells and eosinophils
Effects are felt within minutes of exposure
Essentially allergy

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6
Q

What is atopy?

A

Allergy

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7
Q

What are clinical features of atopy?

A 
Anaphylaxis
Angioedema
Urticaria
Rhinitis
Asthma
Dermatitis, eczema
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8
Q

What is an allergen?

A

An antigen that triggers an allergic reaction

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9
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

Increase in allergies in developed world is caused by reduced exposure to microorganisms in early life

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10
Q

What is type II hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
IgM or IgG reacting with antigen present on surface of cell
Bound Ig interacts with complement or with Fc receptor on macrophages
Opsonisation of target cells
Immune mediated haemolysis

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11
Q

How long does type II hypersensitivity take to happen?

A

Several hours

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12
Q

What are examples of antibodies affecting cell function?

A

Grave’s disease
Pernicious anaemia
Myasthenia gravis

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13
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex disease
Immune complexes of antigen and antibody form and cause damage at site of production or circulate and cause damage elsewhere
Failure of phagocytes to clear immune complexes

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14
Q

What are examples of human immune complex-mediated diseases?

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus
Polyarteritis nodosa
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Serum sickness

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15
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Slowest form of hypersensitivity
Mediated by T cells
2-3 days to develop
Delayed hypersensitivity

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16
Q

What conditions are caused by type IV hypersensitivity?

A 
Rheumatoid arthritis
Multiple sclerosis
Type I DM
IBD
Psoriasis
17
Q

What is the main component causing damage in type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Tumour necrosis factor

18
Q

How is type IV hypersensitivity treated?

A

Prevention through avoiding antigens
Anti-inflammatories - NSAIDs, corticosteroids, Drugs that block TNF and IL-6, antibodies against B cells
Immunosuppressive drugs

Haematology and immunology (19 decks)

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