Introduction

Question 1

RBC Immune

Answer 1

Require foreign RBC to stimulate production of the antibody

Exposure usually through transfusion or pregnancy

Question 2

Non-RBC Immune

Answer 2

No foreign RBC required to produce antibody

Question 3

Expected vs Unexpected Antibodies

Answer 3

Only ABO is expected

Question 4

IgG

Answer 4

Warm reacting (37C)
Can cross placenta
Poor C' activator 
Monomer
Clinically significant

Question 5

IgM

Answer 5

Cold reacting
Don't cross placenta 
Good C' activator 
Pentamer 
Not clinically significant

Question 6

Grading Agglutination Rxn

Answer 6

0- = no agglutination
1+ = small clumps, cloudy background
2+ = small clumps, clear background
3+ = multiple larger clumps
4+ = one or two large clumps 
MF = strong agglutination with cloudy background
Hemolysis = strong agglutination with red supernatent 
Rouleaux = looks 2+, see stacking of RBCs under microscope

Question 7

Agglutination Stage 1 and 2

Answer 7

Stage 1: sensitization - Ab attachment to RBC, no lattice formation, need AHG to see in the tube
Stage 2: lattice formation - Ab crosslink between sensitized RBCs

Question 8

Factors Affecting Stage 1

Answer 8

Temperature (warm or cold Abs)
Physiologic pH
Incubation time
LISS (increases rate of antigen antibody association)

Question 9

Factors Affecting Stage 2

Answer 9

Size of Ig
Number and location of Ab binding sites on RBC
Concentration of Ag and Ab affects lattice formation
Centrifuge time
Zeta potential (net negative charge surround RBC)
Waters of hydration

Question 10

Genetic Traits

Answer 10

Observed/outward expression of genes

Genes code for specific protein

Question 11

Gene Frequencies

Answer 11

Prevalence of a gene in a certain population

Extrapolated using phenotype frequencies

Question 12

Dosage

Answer 12

Variation in antigen expressin due to the number of alleles present