intro_to_aviation_block_6_20180401181951 Flashcards
What is the history of radar
- been in the experimental stage prior to the second world war. once the war broke out Great Britain perfected then used radar to detect and identify both freindly and enemy aircraft- civilian applications started after the war- Both primary and secondary use of radar is used in canada today- Radar stands for Radio Detection and ranging
What is primary surveillance radar (PSR)
- primary radio works on the principle of transmitting a high energy radio signal through the antenna and waiting for some of that energy to bounce back- Primary surveillance radar (PSR) is used as a back up in cases where an airplanes transponder is not working. Busier airports will use PSR us certain situations because it offers some advatages
What are the components of radar sight
- Antenna (transmits and receives) - transmitter (not on constantly)- receiver (on for a very short amount of time aswell)- synchronizer (generate the timing signals that are essential to the accuracy of the system)- processor (processes the information)- display (displays it for controller)
What is Azimuth
- the direction from the antenna to a target - the radar determines the azimuth of the target by using encoders that are placed around the antenna- there are several of these encoders for every degree- as the antenna rotates, these encoders provide a series of pulses that track the antennas position
What is range (Distance)
- the other piece of information acquired is the distance that the target is from the antenna.- One micro second is one millionth of a second, and it takes 12.36 micro seconds for the RADAR signal to go from one radar nautical mile. A timer measures the elapsed time from when the radar pulse was sent until it receives a replay and converts this to distance- With these to pieces of information the target can be placed on the indicator module (radar screen) at the azimuth and distance where it was detected
What is slant range
- the range determined by a radar system is known as slant range, is the true range from the antenna to the aircraft and does not represent distance across the ground- the higher the aircraft and the closer it is to the antenna, the greater the error
What is target resolution
- resolution is where you have two aircraft that are very close to each other but still have separate and distant targets . there are two types of resolution. Range and Azimuth
What is range resolution
- the minimum longitudinal distance that can exist between two aircraft n the same azimuth that will allow the two to bu shown as separate and distinct targets on the screen. If the aircraft were any closer together there would be no range resolution and would show up as one target
What is Azimuth resolution
- is the minimum difference in azimuth (lateral spacing) that can exist between two aircraft at the same range hat will allow the two to be shown as separate and distinct targets on the screen. If the aircraft were any closer together there would be no azimuth resolution and would show up as one target.
What is the affecting factors of PSR
- Holes (areas where the signal is weaker and doesn’t reflect back)- weather - clutter (2 much stuff like hills trees geese buildings)- RADAR horizon (This is line of sight so energy bends with the curve and detects objects beyond the horizon, this is called inversion)- tangential velocity ( when a moving detector unit cancels out objects like a hovering helicopter, this is preventable by telling the heli to change heading)
what are the two ways to jam PSR
mechanical and electronic
explain the mechanical way to jam PSR
- CHAFF is tips of metal foil which are dropped from aircraft and reflect RADAR signals. CHAFF is usually dropped from aircraft in large quantities. This will only affect primary radar and not secondary radar.
What are the ways chaff is shot out
- Stream - to cover a specific area. 2. Burst - usually to confuse missiles, fighters or anti-aircraft guns using RADAR to track the target. 3. Random - to cause confusion.
Explain the electronic way to jam PSR
- These can either blank out the screen or appear as a strobe on a particular azimuth. - If electronic jamming poses an actual or potential hazard, ATC may request the jamming aircraft to stop by transmitting a “STOP BUZZER” message on guard, 243.0 MHz, identifying the ATC unit and the RADAR band or frequency. All Canadian ATC RADAR operates on the “L” band around 1 GHz.
what is SSR RO
Secondary Surveillance radar (SSR)- Most widley used radar system in canada - doesn’t rely on reflected radio energy as with PSR- a ground station interrogates an airborne station (Transponder) on board the aircraft- the transponder answers to the interogation. The distance and azimuth is determined - one advantage is you can include some data on the response The modes that ATC uses are 3/A and 3/C, with limited use of mode S
what are the steps of SSR RO
- The Interrogator transmits a series of pulses. It sends different types of pulses to acquire different information, as we will learn shortly. In many systems, an aircraft will receive about 8 interrogations every time the RADAR beam hits the aircraft.2. It transmits on a frequency of 1030 MHz but receives on a frequency of 1090 MHz. It transmits an interrogation signal to be received by any aircraft in range. The SSR antenna is synchronized with the PSR or can be mounted by itself if there is no primary antenna. It rotates at the same speed as a primary antenna, determining azimuth and distance in the same way as PSR. 3. The synchronizer works in the same manner as with PSR. It controls the function of the antenna and switches rapidly between receiving and sending modes. 4. Airborne equipment consists of a collocated receiver and transmitter known as a transponder. receives the interrogation on a frequency of 1030 MHz which triggers the transmitter to send a reply on a frequency of 1090 MHz.5. The receiver captures the data from the aircraft’s interrogator and performs basic error checking functionality. The receiver also decodes the information and puts it into a format that the processor can use6. A transponder code assigned to an aircraft is four digits long. There is a possibility of eight numbers for each digit. This converts to a possible 4096 different codes that can be selected on the transponder. Only the numbers from 0 to 7 are used in transponder codes, numbers 8 and 9 are not used. The processor interprets this and references it against the flight plan database (RDPS) to provide a positive ident for the aircraft
Who pushes the IDENT button
the pilot
what are the advantages of SSR
Greatly improved and expanded RADAR coverage for transponder equipped aircraft (not relying on reflected energy). •Facilitates identification of aircraft - eliminates the necessity for identification turns or other cumbersome methods of identification. •Facilitates detection of lost aircraft, or aircraft experiencing an emergency, communication failure or hi-jack. •Targets can still be tracked through areas of weather. •Elimination of clutter from weather or permanent echoes. •Automatic transmission of current altitude information. •Reduces communication workload (identification and altitude features). •SSR gives RAMP the capability of displaying information (data tag) on a given flight on the indicator module (RADAR screen). •SSR is less expensive to install and maintain than PSR.
So why use PSR
Not all aircraft have transpondersand weather and other possible hazards to flight cannot be seen using SSR
What is the situation display
- this display combines the input of PSR and SSR system to provide a representation of an aircraft on the display.- The display provides a wide array of information and a comprehensive set of controls to enable a controller to customize the view of his/her needs. his segment will look at some of the basic elements of the display and information provided
Situation display RO
The situation display will provide information that allows a controller to determine how the target was obtained (PSR and SSR) and what the status of the target is in terms of its signal quality or identification. The Present Position Symbol (PPS) you see here are the basic set of symbols that you will use
what does correlated meanr
means the computer can match the target with a specific flight plan. This enables the display to provide flight specific information not available for uncorrelated aircraft
what does poor signal mean
means the return is weak
what does coasting mean
ndicates the computer is no longer receiving the transponder returns and is estimating the aircraft position
What does indent mean
That target changes from yellow target to a white target and blinks
What does special mean
this symbol is reserved for aircraft that are experiencing unusual circumstances.
Corrilated vs uncorrelated RO
- as the radar searches the sky for aircraft, it also reaches a system that stores flight plan information called NFDPS for flight plans that have been assigned a transponder code that matches the one in the sky. In this example the secondary radar is detecting a transponder code of 6013. It searches and finds that there is a flight plan for JZA8789 with the same code and then takes that information and places it with the target on the RADAR screen. The target is said to be correlated.- If the system does not find a flight plan to match the target it is said to be uncorrelated and will remain with the transponder code showeing
What dose the data tag have on it
- Aircraft Ident (ACID)- Altitude- Ground speed- which controller is controlling the aircraft- weight category- if the aircraft is being transferred to another controller- history trail - vertical movement indicator (VMI) - an arrow showing climbing or descent- special condition code
what does OIDS-R stand for
Operational Information Display System - Replacement
what does GAATS stand for
Gander Automated Air Traffic System
what does CSiT stand for
CAATS situation display
what does CAATS stand for
Canadian Automated Air Traffic System
what does IIDS stand for
Integrated Information Display System
what does VSCS stand for
Voice Switch Communications System
what does RSE stand for
Radar site equipment
explain RSE
- very big “gold Ball” housing which contain the radar and electronic equipment necessary for the detection of aircraft. They can be seen around most major airports and at other strategic locations where they provide approach and or enroute radar surveillance- The two types are terminal serveillance radar (TSR) and independent secondary surveillance radar (ISSR)
What does TSR stand for
Terminal surveillance radar
explain TSR
- at major canadian airports- consisted of collocated primary and secondary (PSRSSR) radar antenna- Provides disguised PSR and SSR targets, as well as digitized weather data. there are 27 such installations across canada
what does ISSR stand for
Independent secondary surveillance radar
explain ISSR
- is installed at strategic locations across the country and provides accurate range and azimuth positioning for transponder- equipped aircraft. - The system doesn’t provide primary tamest or digitised weather data. - there are 20 issuer installations across the contry. the SSR portion of the TSR/ISSR systems uses monopulse radar tech to provide accurate range and azimuth positioning based on aircraft transponder returns
Explain RDPS-R
- RDPS-R receives input from up to 32 surveillance sources, including RSE, automated dependant surveillance- broadcast (ADS-B) and multilateration (MLAT). Mosaicing combines these sources into flat plane presentation which helps eliminate survalence holes and provides enhanced tracking capabilities through larger altitude strata.
What is CSit
combines the flight plans generated by CAATS and the targets generated b RDPS-R and displays them together on a large flat screen monitor. It also incorporates useful tools such as range bearing lines (RBL) and predicted track lines (PTL)
What is CAATS
- With CAATS, all flight related information (flight planes, airport departure information, radar data, communications, flight trajectory and airport arrival information) will be stored in an electronic database and presented to air traffic controllers for use in managing traffic- CAATS has significantly improved the management of flight data. For example, when control of a flight passes from one controller to another, either within an area control centre or between ACCs… from departure to destination is automatically transferred through CAATS, greatly reducing the need for voice communications and manual processes.
What is IIDS, and what is on it
IIDS uses a windows based network to provide the controller with an integrated display of essential operating information this is what they are: OIDS-RCVIDSNARDSEXCDSRUSS
what is oids-r
- Operational Information Display System. gathers, formats and displays aviation weather for use by controllers/FSS. The system gathers hourly weather, on-field current weather ADAPS, terminal area forcasts TAFs. SIGMENTS, AIRMETS and PIREPS and presents them in a logical format. OIDS-R monitors and displays the status of local airfield NAVIADS and runway lighting configurations. NOTAMS that are relevant to the operator are collected automatically and the most current are displayed
What is CVIDS
- Computer Visual Information Display System. The Computerized Video Information Display System (CVIDS) is a Windows-based application running on IIDS. It contains an organized library of graphics files that show useful operational information such as approach plates and local emergency procedures
What is NARDS
- NAV CANADA Auxiliary RADAR Display System. The NARDS system application is used for displaying and manipulating surveillance targets and flight plans. - NARDS will typically occupy one of the 2 monitors at an IIDS workstation. In the ACC NARDS has the capacity of displaying surveillance targets in the event of a CSIT/RDPSR failure. In the towers and Flight Service Stations it is used as the main situational display.
what is EXCDS
- The Extended Computer Display System (EXCDS) is a flight plan manipulation/display system that displays real-time flight plan status information to Air Traffic Controllers/FSS in different geographic locations. EXCDS reduces the amount of verbal communication required to deal with flight data transactions by automating most of the repetitive operations such as estimate passing and departure/arrival messages.
What is RUSS
- Resource Utilization Sub-System. The role of the Resource Utilization Sub-System (RUSS) is to automate the task of monitoring and tracking operational staff utilization (seat-count). RUSS allows operational staff to log on and off from active control duties via an application at an IIDS postion.
What is VSCS
Voice switch communications systems,- VSCS uses digital switching technology, which has been used by phone companies for years. VSCS provides a touch screen input device to allow the controller to select which frequencies and phone lines to use. Once set up, the controller uses his headset and phones to communicate as required.
What is axis RO
ATIS provides for the continuous broadcast of recorded aeronautical information from selected towers. ATIS is used to notify arriving and departing aircraft of important data such as: A. Current surface weather. B. Active runways. C. Runway and taxiway conditions (snow, ice, etc.). D. Communications frequenciesATIS broadcasts are updated by tower personnel who make a voice recording for broadcast. The Digital ATIS (D-ATIS) is an automated system that can be installed on the IIDS platform that will automate the distribution of ATIS information. ATIS data will be passed automatically to the Text-to- Voice Generation System (TVGS) for broadcast from the tower. As well, the D-ATIS messages are passed to the ACC for further dissemination
What does TCAS stand for
traffic alert and collision Avoidance system
what is the purpose of TCAS
The purpose is to provide collusion avoidance capabilities to pilots through the use of airborne equipment. TCAS equipment is carried entirely on board the aircraft and is not dependent upon any ground based system
how does TCAS work
In its present form, TCAS equipment interrogates transponders in its vicinity and receives replies. By computer analysis of the replies, the TCAS equipment determines if any of these aircraft represent a potential collision hazard and provides advisory information to the flight crew. TCAS is a family of airborne devices that function independently of the ground-based ATC system. There are 3 levels of TCAS that you will learn about in the next segment
What is TCAS /ACAS I
is a less sophisticated system which will provide a warning of proximate traffic (TA) without guidance to avoid potential collisions.
what is TCAS /ACAS II
consists of a computer, pilot’s display, a Mode S transponder, modified instantaneous vertical speed indicators, controls, wiring and antennas which provide both TAs and vertical plane RAs.
what is TCAS /ACAS IV
is a more advanced system (still under development) which will provide TAs, and both horizontal and vertical plane RAs, i.e. turns, as well as climbs and descents
What are the components of TCAS II
Transponder, Computer, Display, Speaker
What does the transponder do
- A transponder can operate in several modes. A type II transponder can detect other transponders regardless of mode. A mode S transponder performs the normal ATC functions. It also has selective addressing capability which allows it to be used to provide air-to-air data exchange between TCAS equipped aircraft to ensure coordinated, complementary resolution advisories
What does the computer do
The TCAS Computer Unit performs airspace surveillance, threat detection, and resolution and keeps track of the position of its own and intruder aircraft
What does the display do
Display components of TCASs provide 2 primary pieces of information - Traffic Advisories and Resolution Advisories in the event of a conflict situationThe Traffic Advisory Display depicts the position of the traffic relative to the TCAS aircraft, to assist the pilot in visually acquiring intruding aircraft. The display can be part of the weather RADAR display or a dedicated display. The Resolution Advisory Display indicates to the pilot the vertical rate of climb/descent that must be achieved to maintain safe separation from threatening aircraft.
What does the speaker do
- Displayed traffic and resolution advisories are supplemented by synthetic voice advisories (aural annunciations) generated by the TCAS computer. When traffic advisory is issued to the pilot, the words “Traffic, Traffic” are enunciated to direct the pilot to look at the TA display to locate the traffic. If the encounter does not resolve itself, and so equipped, a Resolution Advisory is enunciated. Examples of these are: “Climb–Climb–Climb” “Descend–Descend–Descend” - When the encounter has ended, (range is starting to increase), the single announcement - “Clear of Conflict” is annunciated.
What is the range of TCAS II
has a requirement to operate out to a range of 14 NM and in traffic densities of up to 24 aircraft within 5 NM It must provide direction finding capability to support the display of traffic and it must operate completely independently of the ATC system and without interfering with the ATC system
Explain TCAS II
In Mode A or C surveillance, the TCAS II aircraft will transmit an interrogation signal once per second. Through the use of variable transmit power and the use of suppression pulses, the number of aircraft replying to the TCAS interrogation can be controlled to permit tracking of each one within the desired range. The TCAS computer then maintains a track for each intruder aircraft that consists of the range, bearing and altitude (if Mode C) of the intruders
What is mode S surveillance
n Mode S surveillance, the TCAS aircraft listens for the spontaneous transmissions (squitters) generated once per second by Mode S transpondersThe squitter transmissions contain the individual Mode S address of the sender. With this address, TCAS then interrogates each Mode S transponder in turn to obtain the range, bearing and altitude. The rate of interrogation of a Mode S intruder will increase to 1 per second when the intruder warrants a Traffic Advisory
What happens if the other aircraft only has mode A capable transponder
TCAS will only issue a Traffic Advisory to the TCAS equipped aircraft
What happens when an intruder also has TCAS II equipped
the two aircraft will coordinate with each other to ensure each selects a complimentary resolution advisory. This ensures that if one aircraft elects to climb, the other will elect to descend
What is the repercussions of TCAS II
- while ACAS/TCAS operates independently of ATC, the avoidance action taken by pilots in canadian airspace affects etc- CARs requires pilot in command of an aircraft to comply with all ATC instructions received by him, and all clearances received and accepted by him. this permits pilots to deviate from an ATC instruction or clearance in order to follow ACAS/TCAS
While on duty it becomes evident to you that an aircraft under your control will be on a collision path with another aircraft. What do you do
Issue an alert to the pilot:- if you are aware the aircraft is at an altitude which, in your judgment, places it in unsafe proximity to the terrain, an obstruction or another aircraft.
The pilot advises you that he is now responding to an RA, what do you do
Provide Traffic alerts - if you are advised by an aircraft that is responding to an ACAS/TCAS resolution advisory or GPWS/TAWS warning - Do not attempt to modify the aircraft flight path until the pilot reports returning to the terms of the current ATC clarence or instruction - Provide relevant traffic and collision avoidance information as appropriate.- Inform your immediate supervisor if you become aware that an aircraft has deviated from an ATC clearance or instruction as a result of an ACA/TCAS resolution advisory or GPWS/TAWS warning maneuver
There are several aircraft in the vicinity, what do you do
- Do not assume that other aircraft in the vicinity of an aircraft that is responding to a resolution advisory or warning are aware of its intended manoeuvre unless you are advised by them that they are also responding to an ACAS/ TCAS resolution advisory or GPWS/TAWS warning. Continue to provide control instructions and traffic advisories as appropriate to such aircraft.
Does an aircraft without an operable transponder receive any protection to avoid possible conflict
No
