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INTRO TO AVIATION MASTER LIST > intro_to_aviation_block_3_20180401181931 > Flashcards

intro_to_aviation_block_3_20180401181931 Flashcards

1
Q

under what height does 99% of weather occur

A

the lowest 35 000 of the atmosphere

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2
Q

under what height is the greatest concentration of water vapour (gas) is found. Water vapour changes state under normal atmospheric conditions to form clouds, fog and precipitation.

A

35 000

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3
Q

what four elements make up the atmosphere

A
  • Nitrogen 78.09%, oxygen 20.95%, CO2 0.03%, Ozone 0.00003%, water vapour 0-3%
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4
Q

Where is water vapour

A

everywhere in the atmosphere

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5
Q

explain the process of water vapour changing state

A

for water vapour to change state very spall particles (sand, dust, smoke and salt) are present in the air, these particles are essential in the process of changing water vapour into liquid or solid.

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6
Q

What is the name for the particles entering the water vapour

A

These are called condensation nuclei or crystalation nuclei and could reduce visibility seriously

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7
Q

Explain the process of rain

A
  • when the small particles bind with the water vapour, they bind with other particles, then gradually grow in size, they do this until they fall as rain
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8
Q

define air mobility

A
  • Air does not occupy a fixed space because its molecules have a great deal of freedom of motion or mobility. Molecules of water also have a freedom of motion but they do not have such a high degree of mobility as air molecules have, air can be expanded and compressed almost limitlessly
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9
Q

Capacity for compression

A
  • When air molecules are pack closely together because pressure increase, the density will increase friction between moving air molecules resulting in an increase in temperature
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10
Q

Capacity for expansion

A
  • When air is permitted to expand due to decrease in pressure, the air molecules become more spaced and the density decreases, this will also decrease the friction between the air molecules, resulting in a decrease in temperature
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11
Q

Would cold or warm runway take more time to take off

A

a warm runway takes more time to take off (low density)

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12
Q

when air is forced to rise it reaches area of lower pressures so i expands and cools

A

no back just good shit to know

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13
Q

what is the lowest layer of the atmosphere called

A

the troposphere

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14
Q

what is the second lowest layer of the atmosphere called

A

the tropopause

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15
Q

what is the thrd lowest layer of the atmosphere called

A

the stratosphere

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16
Q

what is the tropopause

A

the boundary layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere

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17
Q

explain how temperature works in the statosphere

A

temperature may remain reliably constant or actually increase with height or may increase due to chemical activity in the ozone layer

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18
Q

What is the average height of the tropopause

A

11 km but is much higher in warmer areas then it is in cold air

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19
Q

over the north pole the average height is ____

A

8 km

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20
Q

over the equator the height is

A

18 km

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21
Q

what is the temperature of the tropopause

A

10*C

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22
Q

what is the ICAO standard atmosphere guidlines

A
  • air is perfectly dry gas- mean sea level pressure of 29.92- a mess sea level pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury- a rate of decrease of temperature with a height is 1.98 degrees per 1000 feet
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23
Q

when the temperature is higher then 15 C the true altitude of the aircraft will be____

A

higher

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24
Q

when the temperature is Lower then 15 C the true altitude of the aircraft will be____

A

Lower

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25
Q

What are the two basic cloud forms

A

Stratiform (horizontal layers)Cumuliform (rising currents)

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26
Q

What are the four types of clouds

A

Cumulus (Cu) Towering Cumulus (TCU)Cumulonimbus (CB) Altocumulus Castellanus (ACC)

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27
Q

What is the most dangerous cloud

A

CB Cumulonimbus

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28
Q

What is ACC

A

Altocumulus Casellanus, this is often a telltale sign of a thunderstorm development

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29
Q

Explain CU

A

Cumulus, Detached clouds generally dense with short outlines, developing vertically in the form of rising mounds, domes or towers of which the bulging upper part is often like a cauliflower.

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30
Q

Explain TCU

A

Towering Cumuls, another name for cumulus congests, it is a rapidly growing cumulus or an individual dome shaped clouds whose hight exceeds its width. often means showers below

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31
Q

Explain CB

A

Cumulonimbus, thundercloud, heaven and dense cloud, with considerable vertical extent, in the form of a mountain or huge tower.

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32
Q

Explain ACC

A

white or grey or both, patch sheet or layer of cloud, generally with shading composed of laminae, rounded masses, rolls etc

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33
Q

What is the impact on aviation for CU

A

bumpy flight beneath and in cloud, can develop into TCU and CB, updrafts below the cloud

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34
Q

What is the impact on aviation for

A

can be rough to very rough air, significant icing if above the freezing level, often develop into CB’s strong updrafts below and in cloud

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35
Q

What is the impact on aviation for

A

Thunderstorm activity. precipitation, winds, violent vertical currents. Hail often resent. Extreme turbulence. Extreme Icing and lightning (MOST DANGEROUS

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36
Q

What is the impact on aviation for

A

Turbulence, precipitation and icing

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37
Q

what is the abbreviation and code for clear

A

SKC 0/8

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38
Q

what is the abbreviation and code for few

A

FEW 2/8 or less

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39
Q

what is the abbreviation and code for scattered

A

SCT 3-4/8

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40
Q

what is the abbreviation and code for brocken

A

BKN 5,6 or 7/8

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41
Q

what is the abbreviation and code for overcast

A

OVC 8/8

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42
Q

what is the significance of ISOBARS

A

The distance between two lines identify a pressure difference of 4 hectopascals, either increasing or decreasing in value.

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43
Q

what is a trough

A

bulge in the side of a low pressure system

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44
Q

What is a ridge

A

A bulge in the side of a high pressure area

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45
Q

Explain buys ballot law

A
  • in the northern hemisphere (canada), if you stand with you back to the wind, the area of low pressure is always to your left. (Left=Low)
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46
Q

what way does air blow around highs

A

clock wise

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47
Q

what way does air bow around lows

A

clock wise

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48
Q

how is weather formed in a low

A

Air is deflected by friction to the centre of a low, it accumulates and rises at the centre. As a result, at the centre of a low, air rises, expands, cools and then clouds form

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49
Q

What happens in regards to weather in a high

A

At the centre of a high the air flows out (towards low pressure), it sinks, heats and skies tend to be clearer.

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50
Q

How big is the diameter of a high

A

several hundred even thousands of kilometres in diameter. Clockwise

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51
Q

How big is the diameter of a low

A

Low pressure systems are generally sings of bad weather and cover from 10 km to hundred of kilometres in diameter.

52
Q

What is pressure gradient

A

the rate of change of pressure with horizontal distance measured in kilometers (km). The speed of wind is directly proportional to the pressure gradient. The faster the pressure changes, the stronger will be the winds

53
Q

What is steep pressure gradient

A

when the isobars are close together

54
Q

What words are used to describe a low

A

Deep and shallow

55
Q

What words are used to describe a high

A

Strong and weak

56
Q

weather charts use the…

A

mean sea level pressure

57
Q

What does ATIS stand for

A

automatic terminal information service

58
Q

What is coriolis Force

A
  • The air moving cause by the pressure gradient force is emmediately acted upon by another force which is due to the earths rotation. - if the earth wasn’t rotating wind would flow directly from high to low pressure areas
59
Q

Does coriolis force create wind

A

no just moves t

60
Q

what direction does coriolis force bend the air from the northern hemisphere to the equator

A

right

61
Q

Friction at the surface and up to about 3000 feet cause the wind to,,,

A
  1. slow down2. flow into a low pressure area3. flow out of a high pressure area
62
Q

what is veering

A

when a wind makes a change in a clockwise direction

63
Q

what is backing

A

a backing is when wind makes a counter clockwise change in direction

64
Q

on a surface map the wind blows towards,,,

A

the dot

65
Q

what does the number of hooks signify on a surface map

A

each hook stands for 10 Knots , therefore half of a hook is 5Knots

66
Q

what is wind shear

A
  • A change in wind speed and or direction in a short distance. can be horizontal or vertical.- When two winds at different directions meet, it caused a shear.- Speed shear is two winds that are close together but different speeds.
67
Q

What is the jet stream

A
  • narrow band of exceedingly high wind speeds in the upper levels of the troposphere
68
Q

How high is the jet stream

A

between 20 000 and 40 000 feet over canada

69
Q

how does the jet stream change with season

A

it is higher in summer and lower in winter

70
Q

what is the minimum wind speed of the jet stream

A

60 kt

71
Q

how long is the jet stream

A

thousands of miles line

72
Q

how wide is the jet stream

A

a few hundred mile wide

73
Q

how thick is the jet stream

A

a few thousand feet thicc

74
Q

how fast is the core of the jet stream

A

can reach 250 Knots, but generally ranges between 100 and 150 knots

75
Q

relative humidity RO

A

the ratio of the amount of water vapour actually in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapour actually in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapour the air can hold at that particular temperature (expressed as a percentage)

76
Q

Absolute humidity

A

he amount of water vapour contained in a unit of air (or the mass of water vapour (gm) / volume of air (m^3))

77
Q

what temperature air can hold the most amount of water:- -20 C- 0 C- 20 C

A

20 degrees C, this is because the warmer the air the greater its capacity to hold moisture

78
Q

does cold or warm air hold moisture better

A

warm air can hold more water then cold air can

79
Q

in cold air…

A

water vapour molecules are closer together

80
Q

In warm air…

A

water vapour molecules have more room

81
Q

the Dew point is

A

the temperature expressed in degrees C, which air has to be cooled to achieve Saturation

82
Q

what is air temperature symbolized by?

A

T

83
Q

what is dew point symbolized by?

A

Td

84
Q

what is stable air

A
  • air that will resist upward or downward displacement, and tends to return to its original horizontal level, is said to be stable
85
Q

what is unstable air

A
  • air which tends to move further away (without additional lift) is said to be unstable.
86
Q

what are some traits of stable air

A
  • low visablilites, fog may occur- stratus type cloud- steady precipitation - consistent, steady winds- smooth flying conditions (often IFR with respect to ceiling and visibility)
87
Q

What are some traits of unstable air

A
  • good visibilities - vertical development type clouds- showery precipitation- gusty winds- bumpy flying conditions
88
Q

What is a lifting agent

A

a force pushing air upwards

89
Q

What is convection

A

air is headed from below contact with the earths surface. Rising columns of air (thermals) are usually separated separated by areas f sinking air.

90
Q

What is orographic lift

A

ir is forced to rise (by the wind) up sloping terrain. Type of cloud depends on the stability of the lifted air

91
Q

What is frontal lift

A

Air is forced to rise by a wedge of colder and denser air. Cold fronts are advancing cold air which undercuts the warm air. Warm front are retreating cold air and the warm air overruns the denser air.

92
Q

What is mechanical turbulence

A

type of lift caused by friction between the air and the ground. The air is “mixed up” into a series of eddies. Mechanical turbulence depends on the strength of the wind and the roughness of the terrain

93
Q

What is Convergence lift

A

occurs at the centre of a low pressure area, the air converges at this point and is forced to rise, created cloud and precipitation.

94
Q

What are maritime air masses

A

air masses that have formed over a large body of water, air is humid

95
Q

what are continental air masses

A

air mass that is formed over a large land area, air is usually dry

96
Q

What are the three terms used to describe air over north americal

A

arctic, polar, and tropical

97
Q

what is arctic air

A

for cold air mass, this air mass is formed in the arctic or high altitudes

98
Q

what is polar air

A

for temperate air mass (permafrost line to 30 degrees north) this air mass is actual formed in temperate zones by heating of an arctic air mass or the cooling of a tropical air mass

99
Q

what is tropical air

A

for warm air mass (30 degrees N south to the equator) is formed in the tropics or low attitudes

100
Q

What are the four types of air masses in north america

A

Continiental arctic (in winter only) —- cAMaritime arctic — mAMaritime Polar — mPMaritime Tropical — mT

101
Q

What are the two air masses that are rare in north america

A

Continental polar cP and contenental tropical can occur but are rare in north america

102
Q

what are the three main factors that determine the weather in any given air mass

A

moisture content, the cooling precess and the stability of the air

103
Q

if air is moist, cloud formation can only happen if the air is cooled, this happens when

A
  • air being in contact with relatively colder ground cooling by radiation- advection of warm air over a colder serface- expansion brought about by a lifting process
104
Q

When do air masses move

A

when they acquire the temperature and moisture characteristics of the underlying surface

105
Q

is that a quick or slow process

A

slow

106
Q

how many fronts can you see on a weather map in the winter time

A

three

107
Q

how many fronts could you see on a weather map in the summer time

A

two

108
Q

what happens to cold air masses when they oass over a much warmer air mass

A

heated from below and become more unstable. The same happens inversely Aswell

109
Q

Define front

A

the transition zone between two air masses

110
Q

what are the names of the two fronts that exist in the summer time

A

the maritime and polar fronts

111
Q

during the winter season what are the three fronts

A

the arctic, maritime and polar fronts

112
Q

what is the definition of a warm front

A

warm air moving on cold air causing warmer less dense air to rise

113
Q

what is the definition of a cold from

A

cold air advances on warmer air ausing warm air to rise

114
Q

on a map what do cold fronts look like

A

arrows

115
Q

on a map what do warm fronts look like

A

semi circles

116
Q

what do stationary fronts look like

A

they alternate between arrows and circles pointing in opposite directions

117
Q

What are the 5 factors that determines the severity

A
  1. The slope of the frontal surface2. The speed of the front movement 3. the temperature of the lifted air mass4. the moisture content of the lifted air mass5. the stability of the lifted air mass
118
Q

when does the temperature change when a warm front moves in

A

the temerature may change before the front arrives do to proximity of the warmth

119
Q

what sometimes happens when a cold front approaches

A

sometimes a slight increase of temperature will happen because the cold front pushes the clouds out of the way so the suns rays can warm up.

120
Q

Dew point temperature relative to fronts

A

as temperature changes with the passage of fronts, we can also expect a change in the moisture content of the air

121
Q

When a warm front approaches the statism

A

precipitation will occur first

122
Q

What is the slope of a cold front

A

usually 3 km to 150 km or 1:50

123
Q

What is the slope of a warm front

A

Usually shallower, with an average ratio of 1:200

124
Q

what does the shape of a warm front cause

A

causes you feeling the warmth earlier, causes a wide spread area of cloudiness

125
Q

Precipitation at a warm front

A

The moisture content of the overrunning warm air. The stability of the overrunning warm air. The degree of overrunning (i.e. the pressure gradient in the warm air. and angle of warm air motion relative to the frontal surface).

126
Q

Precipitation at a cold front

A

the factors that determine the type of cloud and precipitation are: The moisture content of the lifted warm air. The stability of the lifted warm air. The degree of lift: - the slope of the frontal surface. - the speed of the front.

127
Q

If the warm air is moist and stable, then expect layer clouds in the following order as the front approaches your station

A

Cirrus. •Cirrostratus (halo is a classical indicator of an approaching warm front). •Altostratus. •Nimbostratus and •Continuous precipitation (stratus fractus and frontal fog forming in the precipitation).

INTRO TO AVIATION MASTER LIST (11 decks)

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