intro_to_aviation_block_2_20180401181925 Flashcards
What are the two ways piston engines are cooled
air cooled and liquid cooled
how do liquid cooled engines get cooled
circulate a liquid through the jackets of the pistons, then being sent back through a radiator to be cooled again
how do air cooled engines get cooled
allow airflow pushed by propellers and movement throug the air into the engine flowing by the cylinders, the air absorbs the heat and carries it away
what are the two common cylinder arragments in todays engines
radial and horizontally opposed
what is the shape of a radial engine
a circle with 5 7 or 9 pistons
what are the advantages of a radial engine
compact, accessible for maintnece and are light weight
what are the disadvantages of a radial engine
that they are poorly shaped, which leads to poor visibility and considerable drag
What are the advantages or a horizontally opposed engine
they have better visibility, have reduced drag
what are the disadvantages of a horizontally opposed engine
they have cooling problems if more then 6 cylinders, and there is increased drag from air scoops
what is the shape of a horizontally opposed engine
they have an even amount of cylinders that are set opposite from one another
what are the two types of Turbo engines
Turbo jet and turbo fan
Explain the workings of a turbo jet engine
-take air from outside- compass the air- force it into the combustion chamber- mix with fuel- ignite the fuel
What determines the amount of power the turbo jet engine produces
the weight of the air it consumes
Turbo jet RO
Air at lower altitudes is denser, so more fuel is required to produce the right Fuel to Air ratio. Engine power decreases with altitude because of this. However high altitude loss in engine power is offset by reduced aircraft friction to the surrounding air (DRAG). low altitude operations are no economical.
What are the advantages or a turbo jet engine
- few moving parts- good power to weight ratio - reduced drag
What are the disadvantages
they can become expensive with how excessive the amount of fuel is consumed at low altitudes.
Explain the workings of a Turbo Fan engine
Turbo fans are the new and improved version of the turbojet, this engine has a fan attached ahead of the compressor that accelerates air backwards and bypasses the core of the engine or behind the turbines . The outside diameter of the fan is greater then that of the engine proper so that the air, passing through the blades at their outer part, is accelerated backwards on the outside of the engine. This extra power/thrust is available for increase take off climb and cruise performance, reduced fuel consumption and hence better payload range
What is this engine desired for
High speed and high altitude usage, efficiency improves as the altitude increases. Prime efficiency is between 33 000 or 37 000 feet
What are some turbo fan advantages over the turbo jet
Greater fuel efficiency, quieter operation, better low altitude performance, and lower landing speeds
What are the disadvantages
Compared to a piston engine, they also have a high fuel consumption are low alritudes
Explain the workings of a turbo prop engine
contains properties of both a jet and prop plane, the gas turbine engine can be used to drive a propeller instead of producing pure jet power
how much of the power generated is used to power the turbine and how much is used for thrust
90-95% of the power goes to the turbine
Turbo Prop RO
- Engine efficiency improves with altitude (like Jet engines) the propeller efficacy drops off at higher altitudes do to the thin air. The propeller is more efficient in low speeds and altitudes where the air is denser. Generally they operate most efficiently in the range of 13 000 to 25 000
What is the advantages of a turbo prop
There is a greater horsepower for less weight when compared to a piston engine
What is the disadvantages
The propeller restricts the altitude as compared to the turbojet engines
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Altitude
- piston- ground to 12000 feet- turboprop- 13000-25000 feet- Jet- 25 000 feet and up
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Speed
- piston, up to 250 Knots - Turboprop, 200-300 knots- jet engine, 300-500 knots
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Climb rate
- Piston - 500-1500 FPM- Turboprop - 1500-3000 FPM- Jet - 1500-6000 FPM
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the rate of descent
- Piston - 500-1500 FPM- Turboprop - 1500-4000 FPM- Jet - 200-6000 FPM
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Rate of turns
- Piston - 1 (3 degrees per second/ 60 seconds for full turn)- Turboprop - 1 - Jet - .5 (twice the others)
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Run-ups/ checks before departure
– Piston - Long- Turboprop - short- Jet - none
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the acceleration
- Piston - no delay- Turboprop - slight delay- Jet - long delay
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Economy
- Piston - very efficient at low altitudes- Turboprop - efficient - Jet - less efficient
for Piston engines, turbo prop engines and jet engines what is the Foreign Object Damage
- Piston - doesn’t injest - Turboprop - doesn’t injuest - Jet - injests
What is a course pitch propeller
”" results in a more efficient cruising speed giving a greater distance per rotation
What is fine pitch propellar
”|” results in a smaller angle of attack, creating less drag and more power for better take off
What is a fixed pitch prop
when the prop is fixed at a angle by the manufacturer
What is adjustable variable pitch
propellers that can be changed pitch while on the ground
What is controllable variable pitch
these blades can be moved in flight
What is constant speed variable pitch
a variable pitch propeller fitted with a governor, this alters the blade angle to maintain a constant RPM for all conditions
Reversable Ptch
This is when the propellers are pushing air instead of pulling, switched around 180 degrees. nose wheel must be in contact with the ground before this is done
What is feathering
this is then the blade is like “—” this reduces drag and can be used when an engine fall is happening or when plane is parked to reduce wear on the parts from wind
What is mechanical blockage reversal system
a bucket type door is moved behind the thruster of the jet to deflect the gas ecahst infront of the plane pushing it backwards
what is Aeroymanic system
this causes the exhaust gas to get redirected outwards and forward through the thrust levers in the cock pit
Engine failure in a single engine aircraft
the plane has nowhere else to go but down, if this is after take off then it should continue going forward for obvious reason
Ailerons
these are movable control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the wing, They move opposite to one another (one up the other down) this changes the lift characteristics of the airplane causing it to roll. They are controlled by turning the control column in the cockpit.
Elevators
Movable control surfaces attached to the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer. Unlike aileron, they move together. The are controlled by pushing and pulling the control column, when the column is pushed in the elevators are lowered and the nose pitches down. When the column is pulled the opposite occurs.
Rudders
Located on the tail, this movable surface of the vertical stabilizer that controls the aircrafts YAW. Rudder movement is controlled by moving the foot pedals in the control cockpit. Right pedal turns the plane right, the left pedal turns the plane left.
Trim Tabs
ocated on the trailing edge of the ailerons, elevators and rudders. They allow the pilot to maintain a constant altitude without applying constant pressure on the control column or rudder pedals. most cases it is controlled by turning a control wheel in the cockpit.
Flaps
on the trailing edge of the wing which are adjustable and change the shape of the wing. The purpose is to increase life (improve Take off and allows steeper angles of climb out and slower speeds during the approach phase) the three types of flap:- Lift, permits steeper climb out angle- Lift-drag, permits steep climb-out and slower approach- drag - permits slower approach
Speed Brakes/dive brakes
- found of few high performance aircraft. They are normally incorporated into the rear portion of the fuselage and consist of two hinged doors that extend into the air stream to create drag
Slats
Are Auxilary airfoils fitted into the leading edge of the wing, which are deployed either manually by pilot or automatically when the wing reaches a predetermined angle of attack
Slots
are passageways built into the wing often just behind the leading edge. Their purpose is to smooth out the flow of air over the top wing at high angles of attack
Spoilers
fitted into the top of the wing, “spoil” the airflow, this reduces lift, usually deployed after touch down during landing, often partially extended during flight to increase the rate of decent or reduce airspeed
Boudary layer control devices
most common is vortex generators, these small plates, stand in row along the wing and generate vortices during flight and improve the performance of the wing
What are the four types of landing gear
Wheels, skis, floats or amphibious
Conventional wheels
Also called the tail dragger or tail wheel, the main carriage is located forward of the centre of gravity and a tail wheel or skid is located at the rear of the fuesalage.
Tricycle
main landing gear is located behind the centre of gravity, and has a nose wheel, good visibility and ground handling,
Bicycle
The main landing gear is located under both the forward and the rear potions of the airplane with outrigger wheels usually located near the wing tips
Skis
When a aircraft fitted with skis lands on a hard surface the skis are adjusted so the wheels touch first, when on frozen snow or snow covered surface. it will land on the skis first
Describe pressure instruments
detect and measure differences or changes in air pressure. these are all connected to the piliot-head or static vent that supplies dynamic and static air pressure through a system of connecting lines. this is called the pitot-static pressure system. The Pitot tube supplies the dynamic pressure and the static vent provides the static pressure
Static pressure
is the pressure of the surrounding air at flight altitude. like atmospheric pressure it decreases with altitude. The static pressure source usually consist of small holes or slots either around the periphery of the pitot head or situated flash with the surface of the fuselage
Dynamic Pressure
as soon as a body begins to move, an additional force is exerted on it by the resistance of air movement. This additional force is defined as dynamic pressure. This pressure increases with the speed of the body and the density of the air through which the body moves. the source of this pressure is attained through the open end of the pitot head with is projected into the air flow. Location varies, but is always mounted where this is a minion disturbance caused by and aircraft in motion
Pitot pressure
this is defined by the sum of static and dynamic pressure acting on a body
What is some error that will come across
- Errors: - blocking the opening of the pitot tube or clogged vents can cause erratic or erroneous airspeed inications - Electrically heated pitot-heads have helped overcome the problem of ice and water blocking the air pressure - To prevent the accumulation of dust and moisture while parked the pitiot head may be covered with a canvas device. - Many aircraft have an alternate or emergency source of static pressure. they have a two position selector switch marked alt source and normal and may get the static pressure from a different location on the skin or the aircraft. in unpressurized aircraft, the alt source may be in the cock pit
What is the relation between altitude and static pressure
As altitude increases static pressure decreases
What is static pressure
static pressure can be defined as the pressure of surrounding air at flight altitude
what is the function of Airspeed indicator
ells pilot the the airspeed, not ground speed, relative to the air (relative wind), and compares the pressure to the static air source, this is houses in an airtight case connected to the static source, inside is a capsule connected directly to the pitot source and also the pointer on the face of the instrument. As the aircraft accelerates, the increase in Pitot pressure expands the capsule and through the linkage, results in the pointer indicating the increased
what is the function of Machmeter
indicates the ratio of the true airspeed of an aircraft to the speed of sound at the altitude where there aircraft is operating. This ratio is expressed as a mach number. mach 1 = equal to the speed of sound (at a specific altitude) Mach 1.0 equals 660 knots at sea level; at 40,000 feet Mach 1.0 is 575 knots.
what is the function of altimeter
measures pressure height above mean sea level. it is simply a form of aneroid barometer that measures atmospheric pressure and presents an altitude indication in feet, he instrument housing is an air-tight case which is connected to the static pressure source. Within the case, one or more aneroid capsules, depending on the degree of sensitivity desired, are connected to the pointer system on the face of the instrument by means of a mechanical linkage. As the aircraft changes altitude the resultant change in static pressure within the case causes the capsules to expand or contract causing movement of the pointers. Since the instrument is calibrated according to the ICAO atmosphere, it does not read correctly when the sea level pressure is other than 29.92 inches of mercury. The setting mechanism allows the correct sea level pressure to be set on the instrument and establishes a correct reference from which to measure altitude.
what is the function of vertical speed indicator
measures the change of atmospheric pressure that occurs with any change in height.
what is the function of attitude indicator
shows the pilot the horizon, also shows pitching and rolling motions of the aircraft
what is the function of Heading indicator
or directional Gyro, shows the heading of an aircraft, provides pilot a means of turning precisely to a requested heading, is not north seeking as it is a compass therefore must bu set b direct reference to a magnetic compass. Unlike the compass it is not effected by magnetic errors.
what is the function of Turn Coordinator
is usually two instruments combined, the turn needle shows the rate of turn, and the slip indicator shows whether or not the turn is coordinated
what is the function of magnetic compass
- oldest nav instrument, points to the north Pressure Instruments
What are the pressure instruments
Altimeter, Machmeter, Vertical Speed Indicator, and Airspeed Indicator
What are the gyroscope instruments
Attitude Indicator, Heading Indicator, and Turn Coordinator.
What is upwash
the airflow ahead of the wing undergoes what is called an upwash as a consequence the air that actually flows over the wing arrives there at any given angle
What is downwash
The forcing of air downwards during the creation of lift
What kind of air produces the most lift (dense or less dense)
Dense air produces more lift.
What are the three prime factors that affect air density
Temperature, Moisture, and altitude
how does temperature effect density
warm air is more dense then cold air
how does moisture effect desnsity
moist air is less dense then dry air
how does altitude effect air density
density gets lower with higher altitudes
What effects does icing have on a plane
more drag and a lower stall angle of attack
What are the four forces acting on an aircraft in flight
thrust, drag, lift and weight
what is the three types of drag
profile drag, parasite drag and induced drag
profile drag is?
may be considered as affecting the aircraft as a whole and is referred to as skin friction, can be reduced by polishing the surface of the aircraft and making sure rivets and seams are to fit flesh with the aircrafts surface.
What is parasite drag
produced by the appendages in the airframe that do not produce lift. Landing gear, antenna and engine nacelles will have this effect. This can be reduced by reducing the amount of ammendaes raised above the surface of the aircraft
What is induced drag
penalty paid for producing lift and is caused by the air flowing over the top of the wing in a direction differencfrom the air flowing over the underside. the these two airstreams do not meet evenly and hence produce vortices. these are most intense at the wing tips and are most pronounced when the aircraft is flying at low speeds and at a high angle of attack, such as landing and taking off.
What are the three panes of rotation and what are the axis that they rotate on
1) longitudinal (ROLL)2) Lateral (Pitch)3) Vertical/normal (YAW)
Explain the workings of the longitudinal axis
runs through the fuselage from the nose of the aircraft to the tail, Stability is achieved by the use of Diheadral angles on the wings
Explain the workings of the lateral axis
runs from the wing tip to wing tip through the area of lift produced by the airfoil. Stability is acheived by the horizontal stabilizers, the angle of these are set at an angle of incidence to produce negative lift, keeping the tail down
Explain the workings of the vertical/ normal axis
runs vertically through the fuselage at approximately the point where the longitudinal and lateral axes meet. This plane is stabilized by the vertical tail surface.
What is high density
high pressure low temperature
what is low density
low pressure High temperature
what factors does high density have on aircrafts
aircrafts will take off at a faster rate of climb, will require less runway to take off and land and will have a Higher indicated airspeed, the opposite is true for low density.
What is the definition of heading
The degrees, measured clockwise, between magnetic north and he direction thath the nose of the aircraft is pointing
What is track
the path of an aircraft over the ground. If an aircraft flies directly upwind or downwind , or in conditions of no wind the path over the ground is the same as the heading
What is drift
the measure in degrees between the heading of the aircraft and the tracking of the aircraft
indicated airspeed
is read from the airspeed indicator, factors such as temperature altitude effect accuracy of the IAS
True air speed
is the actual speed the plane is flying through the air, it is IAS corrected for temperature an altitude which the pilot will fly on his flight path
Can aircraft reduce power and decend at the same time
no
What is the speed limit below 10 000 feet ASL
250 knots
what is the speed limit below 3000 feet All within 10 nautical miles of a controlled area drome
200 knots
What is wake turbulence
- the turbulent air behind an aircraft caused by any of the following: - wing tip vortices - rotor tip vortices - jet-engine thrust stream - rotor downwash - prop wash
When viewed from the rear, the vortex on the left and right wings rotate in what direction
left wing tip is clock wise, and from the right tip is counter clock wise.
When viewed from behind a helicopter the vortexes spin in what directions
left side is clockwise and the right size is counter clock wise.
What is jet engine thrust stream
he jet engine thrust stream or jet blast is the area of turbulence created behind an aircrafts jet engines.
What is prop wash
is the turbulence created by propeller driven aircraft, It is not as great as jet blast, but is still dangerous enough to warrant careful attention by pilots
Rotor downwash
The downward turbulence created by helicopters in hovering or forwards flight The strength of the turbulence depends on the;- weight of the helicopter- forward speed- air density- rotor diameter
what is induced role
when a plane flies though a vortexPilots with a short wingspan A/C must be alert for vortex situations.Pilots with a wingspan and ailerons wider then the a vortex counter roll control is usually effective and the effect of the induced roll can be minimized.
how do vortices behave in the ground with no wind
vortices in contact with the ground will move laterally outward at a speed of 5 knots
A cross wind in ground vor will behave as followed
crosswind will increase the lateral movement of the downwind vortex and will decrease the movement of the upwind vortex. Similarly a tail wind condition can move the vortices of the preceding aircraft forward into the touch down zone.
What is a light weight category plane
maximum take off weight of 7000 kg
what is the medium weight category take off weight
7000 kg - 136 000 kg
What is the heavy weight category take off weight
136 000 kg or more
What is the document is the flight designators found in
The CAO DOC 8643
What is water droplets cooled below 0C without freezing called
super cooled water droplets
When does the heaviest icing occur
between 0 degrees and -9
What is the rate of icing
anywhere from 0.5 inches per hour to as high as one inch per min
how much will the lift degrees with just 0.5 inch on the leading edge
50%
What are the four types of ice
Clear, Rime, Frost and mixed
Explain clear ice
- transparent, glassy surface and appearance - very difficult to remove - usually on leading edge, wings, antenna and will spread back up tapering along the wings. Build up is usually more rapid then Rime
Explain rime Ice
- White or milky, opaque rankly deposit of ice - on leading edges, wings, antenna etc - rough surface, similar to the inside of freezers - less compact then clear ice - accumulates slowly to the leading edge and exposed parts, it will expand outward rather then around like clear ice
Explain frost
- Light, white, feathery - forms when surface temperature falls below 0*C - created when aircraft flies from region where temp is well below freezing to a region where the temp is consierably higher and where humidity is higher - very thin and thaw off and evaporate with flight in warm air - may form over night too - hardly visible but effects the stalling speed and distortion of the normal air flow to an extent that could lead to a near impossible task off with frost on the wings
What is light icing
not normally a problem unless the aircraft is exposed for a lengthy period of time
What is moderate icing
a diversion might be essential since the rate of accumulation is such that there is a potential for hazardous icing situation
What is severe icing
the rate of accumulation is such that anti-icing and de-icing may fail to reduce or control the hazard. A change in heading or altitude is considered essential
explain how de-icer boots
rubber leading edge that pulses air into itself and cracks the ice off
explain carbonator icing
- when moisture is deposited as frost or ice in the carbonator - On dry days, or when the temperature is well below freezing, the moisture in the air is not sufficient to cause carburetor icing; but if the temperature is between approximately -6°C and 21°C, with visible moisture or high humidity, carburetor ice is a very real danger.
What are the four kinds of turbulence
Convective currents mechannical disturbancewind shearwake turbulence
Convective currents RO
- usually associated with the cumulus or cumulonimbus type of convective cloud. - may be present in clear air swell- these currents are most active on warm summer afternoons- this can also occur when a cold air mass moves over warm ground or warm water. - this sometimes results in considerable bumpiness- the faster and lighter the aircraft is then the more likely it is to be disrupted
Mechanical turbulence RO
- depends on roughness of terrain and the speed of the windMechanical or terrain induced turbulence may be of relatively minor importance when the air is moving at slow speeds over slightly irregular terrain, such as rolling hills. However, when strong winds blow across prominent hills and ridges, turbulence can extend to heights of at least several thousand feet and sometimes higher. Such conditions, to varying degrees, are often found in mountainous areas
What height does high level wind shear happen at
20 000 feet, mainly from the jet stream and is usually quite violent
What is low level wind shear LLWS
ATC can warn pilots on their final approach about potential LLWS by warning them aout LLWS, sudden deterioration of visibility or rapid change in precipitation
What are the conditions for LL wind shears
Fronts thunderstorms
how can you tell if a front will have a severe impact
A temperature difference immediately across the front of 10F (5C) or more……And or the front is moving at a speed of 30 knots or more.
Explain windshears around Thunderstorms
windshears around thunderstorms could be found on all sides of the cell. the wind shift line or guest front associated with the thunderstorms can precede the actual storm by up to 15 nautical miles. Consequently, if a thunderstorm is near an airport of intended landing or take off, low level wind shear hazards may exist
What is lateral shear
A shearing effect on arrival, when the wind on the approaching front blow the plane away from the centre line of the runway, serious corrections need to be made
What is tail wind shearing to headwind or calm
- In order to correct this the pilot must drop the nose of the plane and reduce thrust to regain the glide path and reduce the airspeed
