Intro to respiratory system and lung anatomy Flashcards
parts of upper respiratory tract
nose, pharynx, larynx
parts of lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
where does trachea bifurcate to make bronchi
sternal angle (lower border of T4 vertebrae)
tracheobronchial tree
branching structure of airways consisting of a conducting ( no gas exchange) and respiratory portion (gas exchange occurs)
parts of conducting portion
trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole
parts of respiratory portion
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus
how many lobes and fissures does the left lung have
two lobes (superior and inferior) and one oblique fissure
how many lobes and fissures does the rich lung have
there lobes superior middle and inferior with two fissures horizontal and oblique
three surfaces of lung
costal surface on outside, mediastinal surface on inner part, diaphragmatic surface on base
name of notch in anterior border of left lung
cardiac notch with lingula projection
borders of the lung
anterior on inner side, posterior on outer side, inferior on bottom
Name the muscle that completes the tracheal ring posteriorly
trachealis muscle
Lying immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck are the
common carotid arteries
The nerve lying immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides is the
vagus nerve
At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the two main bronchi?
carina
what makes right bronchi different
shorter, wider and more vertical
hilum
the area on the mediastinal surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung
root
structures which enter and leave the lung at the hilum are known collectively as the root of the lung
structures within root
bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves
what is at top for left and right lung root
pulmonary artery for left and bronchus for right
major structures related to left lung
the heart, aortic arch, oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, left subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to the superior lobe of the left lung as they pass over the dome of the cervical pleura and into axilla
major structures related to right lung
the heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, oesophagus, right subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to superior lobe of right lung as they pass over the dome of the cervical pleura and into axilla
what is clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments
each lung segment (10 in right and 8or9 in left) has its own individual blood and air supply from branches of the pulmonary artery and the bronchi, which allows a surgeon to remove a particular segment without adversely affecting any neighbouring segments.
lungs are innervated by
pulmonary plexus
what lymph nodes are found at the entrance to the hilum
The bronchomediastinal/bronchopulmonary/hilar group of lymph nodes
describe pulmonary circulation
carries deoxygenated blood away from right ventricle of the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary vein
what supplies oxygenated blood and nutrition to the lung tissue and the larger airways
bronchial circulation. enters the lungs at the hilum along with the pulmonary arteries
describe bronchial circulation
enters the lungs at the hilum along with the pulmonary arteries. two bronchial arteries supply the left lung and one the right lung. The bronchial veins return this deoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation
layers of pleura
parietal layer and visceral layer with pleural space or true pleural cavity between
which layer of the pleura is sensitive to pain
parietal
which nerves supply sensation to the pleura
phrenic and intercostal nerves
4 types of parietal pleura
mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal, apical
pleural reflections
occurs where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface, e.g., from the inner surface of the ribs onto the superior surface of the diaphragm
pleural effusion.
excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
Pleural recesses
the parietal pleura is more widely separated from the visceral pleura during expiration thus forming a pleural recess
parietal pleura is supplied by
somatic nerves
visceral pleura is supplied by
autonomic nerves
At which vertebral level does the trachea commence in the neck?
c6
Which connective tissue fibre (collagen, elastic, reticular) predominates in the respiratory tract?
elastic
Name the two cell types found in the epithelial layer of respiratory tract
ciliated and goblet
What is the type of epithelium called in the respiratory tract?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
In which tissue layer of the trachea are the secretory glands found?
submucosa layer
Are there glands, cartilage or smooth muscle present in a bronchiole (yes or no)?
no glands no cartilage yes smooth muscle
Proportionately significant increase of which tissue in a bronchiole vs. a bronchus?
blood vessels
3 types of cell found in the wall of an alveolus and give the function of each:
type 1 pneuomocytes- gas exchange, type 2 pneuomocytes- release surfactant, macrophage- immunity
