Intro to Neuro

Question 1

Defect in cerebral cortex

Answer 1

unilateral, contralateral weakness or sensory deficit

receptive: reading, listening
motor: writing, talking
ex. agnosia, anosognosia, alexia, apraxia, aphasia

Question 2

Dysfunction in cerebellum

Answer 2

IPSILATERAL CONTROL and excitatory effects
awkward movements
dysdiadochokinesis, ataxia, tremor that occurs during movement

Question 3

Dysfunction of basal ganglia

Answer 3

inhibitory effects
extra irrelevant, unplanned, purposeless movement, slowing of voluntary movement
ex. chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus

Question 4

dysfunction of hypothalamus

Answer 4

homeostasis mechanisms like HR, BP, and temp become affected

Question 5

Dysfunction of thalamus

Answer 5

lacunar infarct

contralateral sensory deficit

Question 6

dysfunction of limbic system

Answer 6

hippocampus: affects memory
amygdala: how you respond to emotions

Question 7

Dysfunction of brainstem

Answer 7

medulla, pons , midbrain

loss of vital functions, alteration of consciousness, motor and sensory deficits, vision changes, vertigo

Question 8

3 sensory spinal cord tracts and what the sensation they transmit

Answer 8

Posterior column (turns into medial lemniscus) = light touch, proprioception, vibration
Spinothalamic = pain, temp (in the lateral part), crude touch (ant. part)
Spinocerebellar = carries unconscious proprioception

Question 9

1 motor spinal cord tract, where it synapses, and what it transmits

Answer 9

Corticospinal (pyramidal tract)
Crosses over at the brainstem/spinal cord junction then goes down the spinal cord to synapse at the ant. horn
Transmits axial muscle control thru ant. portion and limb motor function controlled by the post portion

Question 10

Comparison between posterior column and spinothalamic tract injuries at the spinal level or sensory cortex level

Answer 10

In the post column tract, if there is a spinal injury, there would be IPSILATERAL loss compared to an injury in the sensory cortex would have CONTRALATERAL loss
In the spinothalamic tract, both spinal and sensory cortex injury results in CONTRALATERAL loss because dessication occurs right away

Question 11

Cranial nerves name and function

Answer 11

1- olfactory (smell)
2- optic (vision)
3- oculomotor (eye mvmt, light reflex)
4- trochlear (eye mvmt)
5- trigeminal (mastication, sensory face)
6- abducens (lat eye mvmt)
7- facial ( facial expression, taste)
8- vestibulocochlear (hearing, balance)
9- glossopharyngeal ( taste, swallow, speech)
10- vagus (taste, swallow, lift palate, speech)
11- accesory (turn head, lift shoulder)
12- hypoglossal (move tongue)

EXPLICIT PNEUMONIC: oh oh oh to touch and feel virgin girls’ vaginas arouses harry

Question 12

Cranial nerves and if they control sensory, motor, or both

Answer 12

1- sensory
2- sensory
3-motor 
4-motor
5- both
6- motor
7- both
8-sensory
9- both
10-both
11-motor
12-motor

EXPLICIT PEUMONIC: some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

Question 13

Paresis def

Answer 13

slight or incomplete paralysis, weakness

Question 14

Paralysis def

Answer 14

loss motor function

Question 15

-plegia def

Answer 15

paralysis or stroke

Question 16

spasticity def

Answer 16

stiff muscles with increased tone

Question 17

akinetic def

Answer 17

loss ability to carry out spontaneous movement

Question 18

amnestic def

Answer 18

inability to carry out a command due to inability to remember the command

Question 19

dysarthria def

Answer 19

imperfect articulation of speech