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ANAT 200 > Intro to Muscular System/Axial Musculature > Flashcards

Intro to Muscular System/Axial Musculature Flashcards

1
Q

How are muscles like Russian dolls?

A

Muscles are made up of fascicles, which are made up of fibres. The fibers are inside of the fascicles, which are inside of the muscles.

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2
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

The muscle’s epithelial layer

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3
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

The fascicle’s epithelial layer

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4
Q

What is the endomysium?

A

The fiber’s epithelial layer

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5
Q

What makes up a fibre?

A

Myofibrils (like spaghetti strands)

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6
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Stores Ca2+ for muscle contraction

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7
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The basic unit of muscle contraction

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of a sarcomere?

A

The Z-lines

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9
Q

What is the centre of a sarcomere?

A

The M-line

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10
Q

What are myocin and actin and what do they do?

A

Myocin is a thick filament and actin is a thin filament. They interdigitate (go in between one another).

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11
Q

What does the H-band contain?

A

Myocin only (thick filaments) – think: H-band is MYocin

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12
Q

What does the I-band contain?

A

Actin only (thin filaments) – think: “I” is a thin letter

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13
Q

What does the A-band contain?

A

Both myocin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments.

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14
Q

During contraction, the H-band _______, the I-band ______ and the A-band _______. (increases/stays the same/decreases)

A

H-band decreases
I-band decreases
A-band stays the same

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15
Q

Which line do the myocin heads tilt toward?

A

The M-line

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16
Q

What is the importance of motor units?

A

They control the intensity of nerve stimulation and muscle tension

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17
Q

What color are slow fibers? What color are fast fibers?

A

Slow are red, fast are white.

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18
Q

Are slow or fast fibers more powerful?

A

Fast

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19
Q

Which type of fibers (slow or fast) uses aerobic metabolism to generate ATP?

A

Slow

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20
Q

Which type of fibers (slow or fast) uses anaerobic glycosis to generate ATP?

A

Fast

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21
Q

Does aerobic metabolism or anaerobic glycosis require oxygen?

A

Aerobic metabolism

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22
Q

If a runner had an enlarged soleus muscle in their leg, would they be a long distance runner or a sprinter? Would they have more slow or fast fibers?

A

They would be a long distance runner. They would have more slow fibers.

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23
Q

If a runner had an enlarged gastrocnemius muscle in their leg, would they be a long distance runner or a sprinter? Would they have more slow or fast fibers?

A

They would be a sprinter. They would have more fast fibers.

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24
Q

Do slow or fast fibers fatigue more rapidly?

A

Fast

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25
Q

What is the most common muscle type?

A

Parallel muscles

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26
Q

During the contraction of parallel spindle muscles, the muscle gets ______ and the belly gets ______.

A

Shorter, wider.

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27
Q

Do parallel or convergent muscles exert more force?

A

Parallel

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28
Q

What is the name of the fan-shaped muscle type?

A

Convergent muscles

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29
Q

Where would you find a circular muscle?

A

Around an opening, aka. any sphincter.

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30
Q

What is the name of the muscle type shaped like a bird feather?

A

Pennate muscles

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31
Q

What do the fascicles in a pennate muscle strike at an oblique angle?

A

A tendon

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32
Q

What is the benefit of pennate muscles?

A

It packs more fibers into a small space than parallel muscles, creating more force.

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33
Q

What is the difference between a unipennate, bipennate and multipennate muscle?

A 
Unipennate = fibers only on one side of the tendon
Bipennate = fibers on both sides of the tendon
Multipennate = tendon branches within the muscle
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34
Q

During an action, what is the agonist muscle?

A

The prime mover, whose contraction produces movement.

35
Q

During an action, what is the synergist muscle?

A

It assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing the movement.

36
Q

During an action, what is the antagonist muscle?

A

It opposes the movement of the prime mover (agonist) in order to counterbalance its movement.

37
Q

What is a class 1 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

A

The fulcrum is in between the weight and the force, increasing range and speed. The drawback is that it requires an immense amount of force.

38
Q

What is a class 2 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

A

The weight is in between the fulcrum and the force, which produces a lot of force. The drawback is that the range is small and slow.

39
Q

What is a class 3 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

A

The force is in between the fulcrum and the weight, giving it a high range and speed. The drawback is that the higher the range and speed, the smaller the force.

40
Q

What is the most common class of lever in the body?

41
Q

What is an example in the body of a class 1 lever?

A

The neck is the fulcrum, the head is the weight and the neck muscles are the force.

42
Q

Which cranial nerves are the extraocular muscles innervated by?

A

3, 4 and 6

CN III, IV and VI - Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens

43
Q

Which cranial nerve is the mastication muscles innervated by?

A

5-3.

CN V3 - Trigeminal

44
Q

Which cranial nerve is the facial expression muscles innervated by?

A

7

CN VII - Facial

45
Q

Which cranial nerve is the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

A

10

CN X - Vagus

46
Q

Which cranial nerve is the tongue muscles innervated by?

A

12

CN XII - Hypoglossal

47
Q

Which cranial nerve is the neck muscles innervated by?

A

Neck muscles are innervated by the cervical nerves

48
Q

Which extraocular muscles are NOT innervated by CN III? Which CNs are they innervated by?

A

The lateral rectus - VI (6)

The superior oblique - IV (4)

49
Q

When looking up, which 2 muscles do you use?

A

Superior rectus and inferior oblique

50
Q

When looking down, which 2 muscles do you use?

A

Inferior rectus and superior oblique

51
Q

How would you determine if a patient had a CN VI or CN IV palsy?

A

You would ask them to look left an right, and if they had difficulty looking right it would be damage in the lateral rectus, making it a CN VI palsy. If they had difficulty looking left it would be damage in the superior oblique, making it a CN IV palsy.

52
Q

What do the temporalis and masseter muscles do?

A

They open and close the mouth (for chewing)

53
Q

What do the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles in the jaw do?

A

Lateral: depresses the mandible and grinds food
Medial: elevates the mandible to chew

54
Q

What does the orbicularis oculi muscle of the face do?

A

It closes the eyes

55
Q

What does the orbicularis oris muscle of the face do?

A

It purses the lips

56
Q

What does the platysma muscle of the face do?

A

It tenses the skin of the neck

57
Q

What does the frontaris muscle of the face do?

A

It wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrows

58
Q

What does the buccinator muscle of the face do?

A

It tenses the cheeks for sucking

59
Q

How do you get Bell’s palsy?

A

By damaging the facial nerve (CN VII)

60
Q

What do the tensor & levator veli palatini muscles of the throat do?

A

They tense and elevate the soft palate

61
Q

What does the superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the throat do?

A

They constrict different sections of the pharynx

62
Q

What are the four muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

63
Q

What does the hyoid bone do?

A

It supports the tongue

64
Q

What does the mylohyoid muscle in the throat do?

A

It tenses the floor of the mouth for swallowing

65
Q

What does the digastric muscle in the throat do?

A

It depresses the mandible to open the mouth wide

66
Q

What is the correct order of these events during swallowing?

  1. Contraction of tensor and levator veli palatini muscles
  2. Contraction of mylohyoid and tongue muscles
  3. Sequential contraction from the top of constrictor muscles
  4. Elevation of larynx by many muscles
A

2, 1, 4, 3

67
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the throat do?

A

It turns the head in the opposite direction of contraction

68
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles in the throat do?

A

They pull down the hyoid bone

69
Q

What do the longus capitis and longus colli muscles do?

A

They flex the neck

70
Q

What do the scalene muscles do?

A

They flex the neck and head, and elevate the ribs.

71
Q

What does the transversospinal group of muscles do?

A

It allows vertebrae to flex & extend and does fine movement adjustments

72
Q

If you sprain the zygapophyseal joints in your back, what might happen?

A

You might have acute back pain

73
Q

What 3 muscles make up the erector spinae and what do they do?

A

Longissimus, Spinalus and Iliocostalis

They extend the back

74
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

They contract to elevate the ribs during inhalation

75
Q

What do the rectus abdominis muscles do?

A

They are trunk flexors

76
Q

How many layers of abdominal muscles are there? What are they?

A

3 - External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis

77
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

A vessel that carries blood

78
Q

What is the largest artery that carries blood to the lower body?

79
Q

What are the right and left crura?

A

The tendinous structures that come up from the legs

80
Q

What is innervated by the phrenic nerve? Which nerves make up the phrenic nerve?

A

The diaphragm. C3, C4 and C5

81
Q

Does the diaphragm contract during inhalation or exhalation?

A

Inhalation

82
Q

Where are the coccygeus and levator ani muscles?

A

In the pelvic floor

83
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter larger in males or females? Why?

A

It’s larger in males to accommodate for ejaculate

84
Q

What are the Ischiocavernosus and Bulbospongiosus

muscles and what happens when they contract?

A

They are perineal muscles. Contraction increases blood flow into the erectile tissues of the genitalia.

ANAT 200 (14 decks)

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