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ANAT 200 > Axial Musculature > Flashcards

Axial Musculature Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common muscle type?

A

Parallel muscles

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2
Q

During the contraction of parallel spindle muscles, the muscle gets ______ and the belly gets ______.

A

Shorter, wider

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3
Q

Do parallel or convergent muscles exert more force?

A

Parallel

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4
Q

What is the name of the fan-shaped muscle type?

A

Convergent muscles

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5
Q

Where would you find a circular muscle?

A

Around an opening, aka. any sphincter.

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6
Q

What is the name of the muscle type shaped like a bird feather?

A

Pennate muscles

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7
Q

What do the fascicles in a pennate muscle strike at an oblique angle?

A

A tendon

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8
Q

What is the benefit of pennate muscles?

A

It packs more fibers into a small space than parallel muscles, creating more force.

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9
Q

What is the difference between a unipennate, bipennate and multipennate muscle?

A 
Unipennate = fibers only on one side of the tendon
Bipennate = fibers on both sides of the tendon
Multipennate = tendon branches within the muscle
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10
Q

During an action, what is the agonist muscle?

A

The prime mover, whose contraction produces movement.

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11
Q

During an action, what is the synergist muscle?

A

It assists the prime mover (agonist) in performing the movement.

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12
Q

During an action, what is the antagonist muscle?

A

It opposes the movement of the prime mover (agonist) in order to counterbalance its movement.

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13
Q

What is a class 1 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

A

The fulcrum is in between the weight and the force, increasing range and speed. The drawback is that it requires an immense amount of force.

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14
Q

What is a class 2 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

A

The weight is in between the fulcrum and the force, which produces a lot of force. The drawback is that the range is small and slow.

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15
Q

What is a class 3 lever and what are the benefits and drawbacks?

A

The force is in between the fulcrum and the weight, giving it a high range and speed. The drawback is that the higher the range and speed, the smaller the force.

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16
Q

What is the most common class of lever in the body?

A

Class 3

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17
Q

Which cranial nerves are the extraocular muscles innervated by?`

A

3, 4 and 6

CN III, IV and VI - Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducens

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve is the mastication muscles innervated by?

A

5-3.

CN V3 - Trigeminal

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19
Q

Which cranial nerve is the facial expression muscles innervated by?

A

7

CN VII - Facial

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20
Q

Which cranial nerve is the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

A

10

CN X - Vagus

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve is the tongue muscles innervated by?

A

12

CN XII - Hypoglossal

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22
Q

Which cranial nerve is the neck muscles innervated by?

A

Neck muscles are innervated by the cervical nerves

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23
Q

Which extraocular muscles are NOT innervated by CN III? Which CNs are they innervated by?

A

The lateral rectus - VI (6)

The superior oblique - IV (4)

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24
Q

When looking up, which 2 muscles do you use?

A

Superior rectus and inferior oblique

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25
Q

When looking down, which 2 muscles do you use?

A

Inferior rectus and superior oblique

26
Q

How would you determine if a patient had a CN VI or CN IV palsy?

A

You would ask them to look left an right, and if they had difficulty looking right it would be damage in the lateral rectus, making it a CN VI palsy. If they had difficulty looking left it would be damage in the superior oblique, making it a CN IV palsy.

27
Q

What do the temporalis and masseter muscles do?

A

They open and close the mouth (for chewing)

28
Q

What do the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles in the jaw do?

A

Lateral: depresses the mandible and grinds food
Medial: elevates the mandible to chew

29
Q

What does the orbicularis oculi muscle of the face do?

A

It closes the eyes

30
Q

What does the orbicularis oris muscle of the face do?

A

It purses the lips

31
Q

What does the platysma muscle of the face do?

A

It tenses the skin of the neck

32
Q

What does the frontaris muscle of the face do?

A

It wrinkles the forehead and raises the eyebrows

33
Q

What does the buccinator muscle of the face do?

A

It tenses the cheeks for sucking

34
Q

How do you get Bell’s palsy?

A

By damaging the facial nerve (CN VII)

35
Q

What do the tensor & levator veli palatini muscles of the throat do?

A

They tense and elevate the soft palate

36
Q

What does the superior, middle and inferior constrictors of the throat do?

A

They constrict different sections of the pharynx

37
Q

What are the four muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
Hyoglossus
Genioglossus

38
Q

What does the hyoid bone do?

A

It supports the tongue

39
Q

What does the mylohyoid muscle in the throat do?

A

It tenses the floor of the mouth for swallowing

40
Q

What does the digastric muscle in the throat do?

A

It depresses the mandible to open the mouth wide

41
Q

What is the correct order of these events during swallowing?

  1. Contraction of tensor and levator veli palatini muscles
  2. Contraction of mylohyoid and tongue muscles
  3. Sequential contraction from the top of constrictor muscles
  4. Elevation of larynx by many muscles
A

2, 1, 4, 3

42
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the throat do?

A

It turns the head in the opposite direction of contraction

43
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles in the throat do?

A

They pull down the hyoid bone

44
Q

What do the longus capitis and longus colli muscles do?

A

They flex the neck

45
Q

What do the scalene muscles do?

A

They flex the neck and head, and elevate the ribs.

46
Q

What does the transversospinal group of muscles do?

A

It allows vertebrae to flex & extend and does fine movement adjustments

47
Q

If you sprain the zygapophyseal joints in your back, what might happen?

A

You might have acute back pain

48
Q

What 3 muscles make up the erector spinae and what do they do?

A

Longissimus, Spinalus and Iliocostalis

They extend the back

49
Q

What do the intercostal muscles do?

A

They contract to elevate the ribs during inhalation

50
Q

What do the rectus abdominis muscles do?

A

They are trunk flexors

51
Q

How many layers of abdominal muscles are there? What are they?

A

3 - External abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique and transverse abdominis

52
Q

What is the inferior vena cava?

A

A vessel that carries blood

53
Q

What is the largest artery that carries blood to the lower body?

A

The aorta

54
Q

What are the right and left crura?

A

The tendinous structures that come up from the legs

55
Q

What is innervated by the phrenic nerve? Which nerves make up the phrenic nerve?

A

The diaphragm. C3, C4 and C5

56
Q

Does the diaphragm contract during inhalation or exhalation?

A

Inhalation

57
Q

Where are the coccygeus and levator ani muscles?

A

In the pelvic floor

58
Q

Is the external urethral sphincter larger in males or females? Why?

A

It’s larger in males to accommodate for ejaculate

59
Q

What are the Ischiocavernosus and Bulbospongiosus

muscles and what happens when they contract?

A

They are perineal muscles. Contraction increases blood flow into the erectile tissues of the genitalia.

60
Q

Which nerve are the perineal muscles innervated by?

A

The pudendal nerve

ANAT 200 (14 decks)

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