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anatomy - physio > intro to MSK system > Flashcards

intro to MSK system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of bone?

A
  • structural support & protection
    -levers for movement
  • blood cell formation
    -storage reservoir for Ca2+
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2
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A
  1. compact
  2. cancellous - ie spongy
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3
Q

what shapes is bone classified by?

A

-long
-short
-flat
-irregular
-sesamoid

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4
Q

what are the main parts of long bone?

A
  • diaphysis - the main part of the bone that runs from proximal to distal ends
    -Epiphysis - terminal end of long bone
    -    periosteum    - membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around bone
    -medullary cavity- hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow
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5
Q

in terms of movement, what are the roles of joints, ligaments and muscles?

A
  • joints allow movement
    -muscles create movements
  • ligaments / joint capsule limits movement
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6
Q

compare the diaphysis vs the epiphysis

A
  • epiphysis - the end part of a long bone
  • diaphysis - shaft or central part of lone bone
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7
Q

what are fibrous joints?

A

the joints in which the bones are connected by fibrous tissue
IMMOVABLE JOINTS- they don’t allow movement

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8
Q

what are cartilaginous joints?

A

joints in which the adjacent bones are joined by cartilage

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9
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

A
  • primary - where 2 bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
  • secondary - 2 bones are joined by fibrocartilage in the form of a disc
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10
Q

what are synovial joints?

A
  • they are freely moveable joints
  • articulating bones are united by capsule outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane layer
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11
Q

what is an example of a primary and also a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A
  • primary - first rib joined to manubrium by hyaline cartilage
  • secondary - pubic symphysis in pelvis
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12
Q

what are the different types of synovial joints?

A
  • ball and socket joint
    -hinge joint
    -pivot joint
    -pivot joint
    -gliding joint
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13
Q

Describe ball and socket joints

A
  • allow the greatest range of movement - ie movement within 3 planes
    -convex surface fits into concave shape
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14
Q

what are 2 examples of ball and socket joints?

A

-shoulder
-hip

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15
Q

Describe the hinge joint

A
  • allows movement around 1 axes, in one plane
  • one surface of the bone is spool like and the other surface of the other bone is concave
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16
Q

what is an example of a hinge joint?

A

the elbow

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17
Q

Describe the pivot joint

A
  • allows movement around 1 axes/ in 1 plane
    -surface is shaped like a ring and the other surface is shaped so that** it can rotate within the ring**
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18
Q

what is an example of a pivot joint?

A

atlantoaxial joint between C1 and C2 vertebrae

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19
Q

Describe a saddle joint

A
  • allows movement around 2 axes/ within 2 planes
    -bones have convexity and concavity to its surface
  • the convexity of the bone fits into the concavity of the other bone
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20
Q

what is an example of a saddle joint?

A

the sternoclavicular joint

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21
Q

describe the condyloid joint

A

-allows movement around 2 axes/ within 2 planes
- one bone is concave and the other is convex

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22
Q

Describe a plane/gliding joint

A

-allows movement to occur within a plane but does not occur around an axis
- surfaces of the bone are usually flat

23
Q

what is an example of a plane/gliding joint?

A

the carpal bones of the wrist

24
Q

what are the 3 major functions of the muscular system?

A
  • producing movement
    -heat production
    -maintaining posture
25
Q

what are the 3 ways that a muscle can attach to a bone?

A

1- directly
2- via a tendon
3- via an aponeurosis (flat tendon)

26
Q

what is an aponeurosis?

A

a sheath of fibrous tissue

27
Q

what is a tendon?

A

inelastic bundle of collagen fibres

28
Q

what is the origin in terms of muscle attachment?

A

the more proximal end of the muscle attachment (ie closer to the trunk)

29
Q

what is the insertion end of the muscle attachment?

A

the more distal attachment (further away from the trunk)

30
Q

what is an agonist in terms of muscle movement?

A

the prime mover- the muscle primarily responsible for a given movement

31
Q

what is an antagonist in terms of muscle movement?

A
  • the muscles that perform the opposite actions to the agonist
  • they are crtical for proper posture & controlling and finishing movements
32
Q

what are the antagonist movers important for?

A

-critical for proper posture
-controlling and finishing movements

33
Q

what are the synergists in terms of muscle movements?

A

-the synergists assist the agonist in creating movement

34
Q

what are stabilisers or fixators in terms of muscle movement?

A

-they hold 1 segment still so a specific movement in an adjacent segment can occur

35
Q

what is an isometric contraction?

A

-static contraction of the muscle without any visible movement in the angle of the joint

36
Q

what is an example of an isometric contraction?

A
  • doing a bicep curl, but holding the dumbbell in a constant / static position rather than actively raising or lowering it
37
Q

what is a concentric contraction & give an example?

A

in a concentric contraction, the force that the muscle is producing (tension) rises to meet the resistance (load), then remains stable as the muscle shortens
- example: bicep curl

38
Q

what is an eccentric contraction?

A

-the muscle lengthens as the resistance become greater than the force that the muscle is producing

39
Q

what are examples of eccentric contraction?

A
  • lowering the barbell back to the ground after a deadlift
    -lowering your torso back down to the ground after a sit up
40
Q

what is the full range of muscle work?

A

the shortest to the longest possible length

41
Q

what is the outer range of muscle work?

A

it is between the longest length and midway point of range

42
Q

what is the inner range of muscle work?

A

between the shortest length and midway point of range

43
Q

what important protein is important in the structure of a tendon?

A

type 1 collagen

44
Q

what is the function of type 1 collagen in a tendon?

A

it transmit forces from muscle to bone

45
Q

do tendons contract?

A

no
- part of the contractile unit, but it is a distinct tissue from muscle

46
Q

do tendons contain elastic fibres?

A

no

47
Q

what is the function of a ligament?

A

-attaches bone to bone
-provides passive stability to a joint - ie it limits too much movement

48
Q

what does the ligament structure contain?

A

-collagen - 70-8-%
- elastic fibres

49
Q

Describe the 2 layers of a joint capsule

A
  • outer fibrous layer - flexible, inelastic and supported by ligaments
    -inner synovial layer - synovial membrane
50
Q

what is the synovium?

A
  • specialised connective tissue membrane that lines the inner surface of synovial joint capsules
51
Q

what are bursae?

A

small fluid filled sac between bones and tendons

52
Q

what is the function of bursae?

A
  • lubricating device - therefore reduces friction
52
Q

what is the function of the fat pads in a synovial joint?

A
  • they serve as a cushion between the bones
53
Q
A

anatomy - physio (17 decks)

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