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anatomy - physio > back & neck osteology & ligaments > Flashcards

back & neck osteology & ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the spinal column?

A
  • support
  • protection of spinal cord and nerve roots
  • shock absorption (via the intervertebral discs)
  • haematopoiesis (vertebrae contain red bone marrow)
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1
Q

what are primary curvatures of the spinal column?

A

curvatures in the spinal column that happen during fetal development

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2
Q

what is an example of a primary curvature of the spinal column?

A
  • kyphosis - thoracic and sacral curves
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3
Q

what are secondary curvatures of the spinal column & what are 2 examples ?

A
  • curvatures that develop after birth
  • cervical lordosis - develops with head control
  • lumbar lordosis - develops with upright posture
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4
Q

what are examples of abnormalities in the curvatures of the spinal column?

A
  • excess lordosis and kyphosis
  • scoliosis
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5
Q

what are the main parts in the structure of a vertebrae?

A
  • vertebral body - weight bearing part
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
  • superior articular process
  • inferior articular process
  • pedicles/laminae
  • canal (where spinal cord gies through)
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6
Q

describe a typical cervical vertebra (C3-C6)

A
  • body is small & kidney shaped
  • triangular vertebral canal
  • bifid spinous process - attaches to ligamentum nuchae
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7
Q

what aee the 3 atypical cervical vertabrae?

A
  • C1 (Atlas)
  • C2 (Axis)
  • C7
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8
Q

Describe the osteology of the atlas (C1)

A
  • No body
  • anterior and posterior arch and tubercle
  • articular facets - the dens of C2
  • has a groove for the vertebral artery
  • transverse foramen - allows for neurovascular structures to go through
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9
Q

Describe the osteology of the Axis (C2)

A
  • contains an **odontoid process / dens **
  • articular facets
  • spinous process is bifid
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10
Q

what is the atlanto-occipital joint?

where, what movement ?

A
  • joint between C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull
  • synovial condyloid joint
  • movement - nodding
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11
Q

Describe the atlanto-axial joint

A
  • joint between C1 & C2
  • synovial pivot joint
  • dens of C2 articulates with anterior arch of C1
  • allows shaking head mvt
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12
Q

Describe the osteology of a typical thoracic vertebrae

A
  • vertebral body is heart shaped with costal facets
  • vertebral canal is round
  • spinous process slops inferiorly
  • costal facets - to articulate with the ribs
  • more defined transverse processes with facets articulates with the tubercle of the rib (bony part on inside of rib)
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13
Q

what are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • T1
  • T10
  • T11
  • T12
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14
Q

describe the osteology of T1

A
  • has 1/2 facets on the body for articulation with the head of the ribs
  • full superior facet (for 1st rib) & inferior demifacet
  • rib 1 articulates with T1
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15
Q

describe the osteology for T10-T12

A
  • single facet on the side of the vertebral body of T10-T12
  • these ribs only articulate with their own vertebrae
  • no facet on transverse process of T11 and T12
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16
Q

Describe the osteology of the typical lumbar vertabrae

A
  • body is large and kidney shaped
  • vertebral canal is small in comparison
  • spinal cord ends at L1/L2
  • spinous process is horizontak and bulky
17
Q

which lumbar vertebrae is atypical?

A

L5

18
Q

Describe the osteology of L5

A
  • body may be wedge shaped
  • transverse process is quite anterior - to the site of the body - attaches to the iliolumbar ligament
  • may be fused to sacrum
19
Q

which vertebrae of the spinal column are fused?

A
  • the sacrum (S1-S5)
  • coccyx (C1-C4)
  • ie no IV discs between them
20
Q

what structues of the sacral and coccyx vertebrae make the sacrum look like a wing (ala)?

A

the transverse processes

21
Q

describe the osteology of the sacrum

A
  • sacral cornua (inferior articular processes that connects to the coccyx)
  • median sacral crest
  • posterior sacral foramina
22
Q

what are the facet joints?

A
  • the joints between the superior and inferior articular facets on adjacent vertebrae (one on top of another)
  • small synovial plane joints
23
Q

is the intervertibral joins a sec or primary cartilaginous joint?

A
  • secondary cartilaginous joints - contains hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
24
Q

what are the inner and outer portions of the IV disc?

A
  • outer - annulus fibrosis (coiled spring)
  • inner - nucleus pulposus
25
Q

what is the functional unit of the spine?

A

2 adjacent vertebrae and the associated iv disc and soft tissues

26
Q

what are the movements of the spine?

A
  • flexion - bending forward
  • extension - bending backward
  • lateral flexion - bending side to side
  • spinal rotation - thoracic region
27
Q

where is maximal lateral flexion movement in the spine?

A

the lumbar region

28
Q

what is the problem with spinal rotation?

A
  • shear stresses - may cause damage
29
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus?

A
  • inner gelatinous jucleus that gives elasticity and compressibility
30
Q

what is the annulus fibrosus?

A
  • surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage
31
Q

what symptoms may be present with a L4/L5 herniated disc?

A
  • may have leg pain
  • weak movement
  • sciatic stretch test - positive
32
Q

what symptoms may be present with a L5/S1 hernaited disc?

A
  • pain
  • weakness
  • absent tendon reflex
  • sciatic stretch - positive
33
Q

what symptoms might a patient have if they have a L3/L4 hernaited disc?

A
  • anterior thigh pain
  • weak quad
  • absent tendon reflex
  • femoral stretch - positive
34
Q

what is the sciatic stretch test?

A
  • patient is in supine
  • leg is raised straight
  • ankle is dorsiflexed
35
Q

what is the femoral stretch test?

A
  • patient is lying prone
  • knee is flexed
  • hip is extended
36
Q

what are the 2 longitudinal ligaments of the spine?

A
  • anterior LL
  • posterior LL
37
Q

what is the ligamentum flavum?

where does it run and what colour is it

A
  • runs between laminae
  • yellow colour
38
Q

what are the interspinous ligaments?

A
  • ligaments that connect the spinous process of adjacent vertebrae
39
Q

what is the supraspinous ligament?

A
  • joins the tips of neighbouring spinous processes
  • extends from the 7th certucal vertebra down to the 4th lumbar vertebra
40
Q

what is the ligamentum nuchae in the neck?

A
  • thick, triangular, fibroelastic band at the back of the neck that extends between the base of the skull and C7
41
Q

what is spina bifida?

A
  • a neural tube defect seen at birth
  • can range from mild (only vertebrae affected) or severe (spinal cord as well as vertebrae affected)
  • vertebrae dont close fully around an incomplete neural tube

anatomy - physio (17 decks)

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