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anatomy - physio > Ankle, foot and peripheral pulses > Flashcards

Ankle, foot and peripheral pulses Flashcards

1
Q

what type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

synovial hinge joint

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2
Q

what are the articulations of the ankle joint?

A
  • inferior tibia and medial maleolus
  • lateral maleolus of the fibula
  • superior talus bone of foot
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3
Q

what type of cartilage are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint covered by?

A

hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

is the joint capsule of the ankle weak? If so, what strengthens it?

A
  • yes its weak
  • strengthened medially and laterally by string collateral ligaments
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5
Q

what movements occur at the ankle joint?

A
  • dorsiflexion - carried out by muscles in the anterior part of the leg
  • plantar flexion - carried out by muscles in posterior comparment - achilles tendon and deep flexor tendons
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6
Q

what are the 2 ligaments that act to stabilise the ankle joint?

A
  • lateral ligament
  • medial or deltoid ligament
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7
Q

Describe the** lateral ligament of the ankle**

A
  • composed of **3 seperate ligaments **
  • calcanofibular (attached to fiba and calcaneous bone)
  • anterior talofibular
  • posterior talofibular
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8
Q

which of the** 3 seperate ligaments** of the lateral ankle ligament** is most prone to injury/ to be torn**?

A
  • anterior talofibular
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9
Q

Describe the medial /deltoid ligament

A
  • strong, triangular shaped band that reinforces the medial aspect of the ankle joint
  • has a** proximal attachment **on the **apex of the medial malleolus **
  • the ligament fans out and inserts itself onto the talus, calcaneous (sustentaculum tali) and the navicular bones
  • has 4 parts
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10
Q

what are the 4 parts of the medial ligament of the ankle?

A
  • anterior tibiotalar part
  • posterior tibiotalar part
  • tibionavicular part
  • tibiocalcaneal part
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11
Q

what is the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneous bone?

A
  • a bony shelf on the anterior part of the upper margin of the medial surface of the calcaneous bone
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12
Q
A
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12
Q

Describe the** innervation of the ankle joint**

A
  • the nerve supply of the ankle joint is derived from roots L4-S2 by branches from the deep fibular nerve, as well as the tibial and sural nerves
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13
Q

Describe the** blood supply of the ankle joint**

A
  • recieves arterial blood supply from the anterior and posterior tibial and fibular arteries
  • these artries form an anastomosis around the malleoli that give off the anterior medial and lateral malleolar branches to supply the ankle joint
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14
Q

where is the tarsal tunnel located and what is its function?

A
  • located on the medial side of the ankle joint
  • blood vessels, nerves and tendons that provide movement and flexibility to the foot travel through this tarsal tunnel
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15
Q

what structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?

Tom, Dick and Very Nervous Harry

A
  • Tibilais posterior tendon
  • flexor Digitorum longus tendon
  • posterior tibial Vein and artery
  • tibial Nerve
  • flexor Hallucis longus tendon
16
Q

how many bones are there in the foot and what are they divided into?

A

26 bones altogether
* 7 tarsal bones
* 5 metatarsals
* **14 phalanges **

17
Q

what are the tarsal bones?

Tiger Cubs Need MILC

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneous
  • Navicular
  • Medial cuniform
  • Intermediate cuniform bone
  • lateral cuniform
  • cuboid
18
Q

what are the 3 arches in the foot?

A
  • medial longitudinal arch
  • lateral longitudinal arch
  • transverse arch
19
Q

what **bones participate in the fomrtaion **of the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • calcaneous bone
  • talus bone
  • navicular bone
  • the 3 cuniform bones
  • first 3 medial metatarsals
20
Q

what bones form the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot?

A
  • calcaneous bone
  • cuboid bone
  • 4th and 5th metatarsal bones
21
Q

what bones form the transverse arch of the foot?

A
  • five metatarsal bones
  • the cuboid bone
  • the cuneiform bones
22
Q

what** 3 structures **maintain the arches of the foot?

A
  • bones
  • ligaments - spring, plantar ligaments and plantar aponeurosis
  • muscles - flexor tendons
23
Q

Describe the spring ligament & its function

what is another name for it? where does it originate and attach

A
  • also called the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
  • strong ligament from anterior sustentaculum tali to** inferior surface of navicular bone**
  • responsible for **maintaining arches of the foot **
24
Q

what is the** talocalcaneonavicular joint**?

artciulations

A
  • consist of 2 articulations
  • the anterior articulation of the subtalar joint and the articulation between the talus and the navicular bone ( ie the talonavicular joint)
25
Q

what is the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

a joint formed by the distal surface of the calcaneus and the proximal aspect of the cuboid

26
Q

what movements happen at the midtarsal joints?

A
  • inversion and eversion of the foot
  • inversion (sole or bottom of foot faces medially)
  • eversion (sole of foot faces in lateral direction)
27
Q

what muscles are involved in inversion of the foot?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • tibialis posterior
28
Q

what is the long plantar ligament?

A
  • strong ligament between calcaenous, cuboid and bases 2-5 metatarsal
29
Q

What is the** plantar fascia**?

A
  • thick fascia on the sole of the foot
  • has a thick central part forming the dense plantar aponeurosis
  • also weaker medial and lateral parts of the fascia
30
Q

what is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?

A
  • firm attachment to skin
  • protect the neurovascular bundle
  • assists in maintaining the arches
31
Q

what 2 branches of the tibial nerve innervate the sole of the foot?

A
  • medial plantar nerve
  • lateral plantar nerve
32
Q

What does the medial plantar nerve supply?

A
  • supplies the medial three and one - half toes
  • nerves extend onto dorsum and supply the nail beds and tips of toes
33
Q

what does the lateral plantar nerve supply?

A
  • lateral one and one half toes
  • nail beds and tips of toes
34
Q

what does the posterior tibial artery branch into to innervate the sole of the foot?

hint - same as nerves

A
  • medial and lateral plantar arteries
35
Q

where can the dorsalis pedis artery pulse be palpated?

A
  • it can be palpated just lateral to the extensor hallucis longus tendon or medial to the extensor digitorum longus tendon
36
Q

where can the posterior tibial artery pulse be palpated?

A
  • the posterior tibial artery passes behind the medial malleolus
  • pulsations can be felt between the medial malleolus and the heel
37
Q

where can the popliteal artery pulse be palpated?

A
  • the popliteal artery is the deepest structure in the popliteal fossa
  • it can be palpated in the popliteal fossa when the knee is partially flexed
38
Q

where can the** femoral artery or femoral pulse** be palpated?

A
  • midway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis
  • few cms below
  • midinguinal point

anatomy - physio (17 decks)

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