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Year 1 Infection > Intro to Microbes > Flashcards

Intro to Microbes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structural difference between gram positive and gram negative?

A

Gram positive have a thick petidoglycan layer.
Gram negative can have a lipopolysaccharide outer membrane that is toxic and antigenic. Gram negative thus have two cell membranes separated by thin peptidoglycan and periplasmic space.

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2
Q

What is the difference between endotoxins and exotoxins?

A

Endotoxins are integral to the bacterial structure and toxic to eukaryotic cells.
Exotoxins are secreted by the bacteria and toxic to eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

What is glycolax?

A

Bacteria make a sticky extracellular coating made of polysaccharides. Function to help adherence, antiphagocytic, barrier for antibiotic diffuse.

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4
Q

Name two bacterial appendages.

A
  1. Flagela - helical hollow tubular structure containing flagelin. Help movement of bacteria in chemotaxis, tend to from diffuse cultures not colonies. Highly antigenic.
  2. Pili- short and thin, promote cell to cell contact (between bacteria and host or multiple bacterial cells.)
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5
Q

What is antigenic variation?

A

The ability of microbes to change the antigens they present giving rise to different strains. Eg Neisseria

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6
Q

What are spores?

A

Most resistant life forms known. They are made to withstand hotel environments by bacteria. Spores have no metabolic activity, little water, no division, impermeable with a multilayered envelope just containing bacterial DNA. Eg clostridium difficile

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7
Q

List the stages of bacterial growth.

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary Phase
Death phase

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8
Q

Order pathogens in from biggest to smallest and give broad subcategories.

A

Virus - DNA and RNA viruses
Bacteria- Gram + and -
Fungi - yeast and mould
Paraste - protazoa and helminth (worms)

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9
Q

Name two broad categories of treatment?

A

Supportive and specific

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10
Q

What colour is a gram positive bacteria when stained?

A

Purple

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11
Q

How does a gram stain work?

A

Add crystal violet and iodine and stain all cells purple. Then wash with a solvent like alcohol and only gram positive will retain the purple stain. Gram negative will be red.

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12
Q

Name some gram negative bacteria:

A 
Neisseria Meningitidic 
Haemophillis influenza 
Eschericha Coli
Salmonella Typhi 
Legionella pneumophila
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13
Q

Name some gram positive bacteria:

A 
Staph Aureus
Staph epidermis 
Strep pneumoniare 
Viridans Strep
Strep pyogenes
Clostridium Difficile
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14
Q

Name some viruses we have studied:

A 
Adenovirus 
Norovirus 
Epstein-Barr virus
HIV
Hepatitis B and C
Herpes Zoster 
Dengue 
Ebola
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15
Q

Name some parasites we studied:

A

Malaria

Shistomiasis

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16
Q

Name some fungi we have covered?

A

Candida

Aspergillus

17
Q

Name some investigations we should do in suspect infections.

A

FBC, CRP, Imaging

18
Q

What additional tests are important to monitor query sepsis.

A

Blood pH, Lactate, clotting factors.

O2 Sats, LFT and Renal function

19
Q

How do we identify the bacteria?

A 
Culture and sensitivity sample
Gram stain 
Antigen, antibody testing 
Blood film in malaria 
PCR for microbe DNA
20
Q

How do we know what the best anti microbial is?

A

Disk diffusion method

Minimal inhibitory concentration

21
Q

What antibiotics do we know about?

A 
Penicillin
Flucloxacillin 
Cefuroxime
Vancomycin 
Trimethoprim
Metranidazole
22
Q

Name some viral therapies:

A

Acyclovir

anti retrovirals

23
Q

Give some features of the structure of viruses:

A

mRNA or DNA genetic code- double or single stranded.
Smaller than host cells- has to live inside host cell and use its machinery to replicate.
Spikes for epithelial attachment
Protein coat
Lipid envelope.
(Not all viruses have all of the above)

24
Q

Name some double stranded DNA enveloped viruses

A

Herpes

Hepatitis B

25
Q

Name some double stranded DNA non-enveloped viruses

A

Adenovirus, HPV

26
Q

Give an example of one single stranded none enveloped DNA virus

A

Parvovirus

27
Q

List some single stranded RNA viruses non enveloped

A

Norovirus, Hepatitis E+A

28
Q

List some single stranded enveloped viruses.

A

HIV and Hep C

29
Q

What new virus is an enveloped single stranded virus

A

Ebola

30
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A bacteria that can infect a virus

31
Q

Outline basic bacterial structure

A 
Pili and or flagella
Cytoplasm 
Ribosomes 
Polysaccharide capsule (poor immunogenic properties)
Cell wall
Plasma membrane
32
Q

What shapes are bacteria?

A

Coccus, spirillus or bacillus

33
Q

How can bacteria group together?

A

clusters or chains

34
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Need O2 to survive

35
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

Need an O2 free environment to survive unless in spore form.

36
Q

How do we name bacteria?

A

Genus + species

37
Q

Name some virulence factors.

A 
Host entry (poly saccharide capsule.)
Adherence to host cell (pili)
Invasiveness (enzymes)
Iron sequestration 
Toxins- endo or exo

Year 1 Infection (29 decks)

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