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Year 1 Infection > Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

List the innate barriers to infection

A

Physical, physiological, chemical and biological

Innate barriers - phagocytes, chemicals and inflmmation

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2
Q

Describe how innate barriers work together to prevent infection

A

Phagocytes recognise pathogens and kill pathogens.

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3
Q

Define the Immune system

A

Cells and organs that contribute to the bodies defences against infectious and non-infectious conditions

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4
Q

What is an infectious disease?

A

A pathogen succeeds in evading and possibly overwhelming the hosts immune defences.

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5
Q

List the roles of the immune response.

A

Pathogen recognition
Containing and eliminating infection
Self regulation
Memory of previous pathogen exposures.

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6
Q

What are the key features of innate immunity?

A

Fast, nonspecific, no memory and no variable level of intensity.

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7
Q

What are the key features of the adaptive immunity?

A

Slow, specifc, remembers pathogens and has variable intensity.

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8
Q

Whats the aim of innate immunity?

A

Prevent entry and limit growth of pathogens.

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9
Q

Name some important physical barriers to infection.

A

Skin
Mucous memebranes - mouth, resp, GI and urinary tract)
Bronchial Cilia

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10
Q

Whats the aim of innate immunity?

A

Prevent entry and limit growth of pathogens- Innate Barriers

Secondary lines of defence- contain and clear pathogens

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11
Q

List some innate immunity chemical barriers

A 
Low pH areas (stomach, vagina and skin)
Antimicrobial molecules (IgA, lysozyme, mucous, beta defensins, gastric acid and pesin)
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12
Q

What are biological barriers?

A

Strategically located non pathogenic microbes to compete with pathogens, synthesise antimicrobial chemicals and help us make vitamins (B12, K and more).

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13
Q

What are normal microbes to be found on the skin?

A 
Staph aureus
Staph epidermis
Strep pyogenes
Candida albicans
Clostridium perfringens
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14
Q

List some commensals of the nasopharynx.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria Meningitidis
Haemophilus Influenzae

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15
Q

How do bacteria get to places they cause problems?

A

Breaching of skin integrity (burns, IV lines, IV drug users and surgery)
Faecal-oral route (food poisoning)
Faecal-perineal-urethral route (E. coli UTI in women)

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16
Q

What can give a harmless bacteraemia in most people?

A

Dental hygiene - brushing flossing, extraction etc.

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17
Q

When is dental work a big problem interns of infection risk to patients?

A 
Asplenic patients (at risk of encapsulated bacterial infections)
Heart Valves damaged or prosthetic
History of endocarditis

These people may need prophylactic antibiotics

18
Q

What conditions lead to being immunocompromised?

A

DM, AIDS, malignancy and chemotherapy (mucositis)

19
Q

Where can antibiotics increase risk of infection?

A

Intestine - C diff

Vagina - Candida albicans

20
Q

List some phagocytes.

A

Macrophages - ingest and destroy pathogens, present antigens to niave T cells, make cytokines and cheekiness.

Monocytes- in blood and go to tissue to become macrophages in infection.

Neutrohils- Increase especially in bacterial infection, recruited by chemokines and ngest and destroy pyogenic infections.

21
Q

What is the layman term for a basophil? What is this cells function?

A

Mast cells

Early inflammation - vasomodulation and allergy.

22
Q

What cell looks like a sunburnt guy with sunglasses on and why are they important?

A

Eosinophils help to protect us from parasitic infections

23
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Cells that kill all abnormal host cells

24
Q

Why are dendritic cells needed?

A

They will present antigens to T cells for acquired immunity.

25
Q

How do our cells recognise pathogens?

A

The phagocytes recognise the PAMP (pathogen associated molecular pattern) on the bacteria because it will bind their PRR (pathogen recognition receptor in and outside of the cell)

26
Q

What is the most common PRR?

A

Toll like receptors

27
Q

We carry more than one PRR for any given group of microbes, why?

A

Helps to make sure we recognise pathogens

28
Q

What is opsonisations?

List some examples

A

Coating pathogen with opsonin to help phagocytes attach.

Eg. C3b, C4b, IgG, IgM, CRP and mannose binding lectin

29
Q

Name 3 encapsulated bacteria:

A

1 Neisseria Meningitidis
2 Haemophillis Influenzae b
3 Streptococcus Pneumoniae

30
Q

What 3 things do phagocytes do?

A

Recognise the pathogen
Engulf the pathogen
Degrade the pathogen

31
Q

What is used in oxygen dependent degradation of microbes?

A

Toxic oxygen products - super oxide, nitiric oxide, hyrdoxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide.

32
Q

Lysozyme, lactroferrin, transferrin, cationic proteins and lytic enzymes are all important features in…..

A

oxygen independent pathways

33
Q

Chemicals are involved in second line defence innate immunity- list an important pathway and outline so key features.

A

Complement pathway- 20 serum proteins but key ones are 1-9.

Activated by the alternative pathway or MBL pathway

34
Q

What do C3a and C5a do?

A

Recruit phagocytes

35
Q

Which complement proteins opsonise?

A

C3b and C4b

36
Q

Which complement proteins form membrane attack complexes to kill pathogens?

A

C5 -C9

37
Q

What are the MBL and alternative pathways.

A

Alternative pathway is the cell surface constituents of the pathogen activate the complement system.
The MSL is dependent on mannose containing residues on the surface binding MBL (mannose binding lectin)

38
Q

What is the function of chemokines and cytokines?

A

Chemoattraction
Phagocyte activation
Inflmmation

39
Q

What kind of chemicals to macrophages make?

A

IL1, IL6 and TNFa

40
Q

What effects to IL1, IL6 and TNFa have on different organs?

A

Liver- CRP and MBL made to aid opsonisation
Bone Marrow- Neutrophil production
Inflammatory actions: Vasodilation, vascular permeability and adhesion molecules for neutrophils.
Hypothalamus- increase body temperature set point.

41
Q

Why might a patient have decreased phagocytic function?

A

Hypo or a-splenism
Cancer, drugs, leukaemia or lymphoma giving neutropenia.
Chronic granulomatous disease of Chediak-Higashi syndrome making neutrophils dysfucntional.

Year 1 Infection (29 decks)

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