intro to life and biomolecules

Question 1

What are the 7 properties of life?

Answer 1

1. cellular organization
2. ordered complexity
3. sensitivity
4. growth, development, and reproduction
5. energy utilization
6. Homeostasis
7. evolutionary adaption

Question 2

what is evolution

Answer 2

change of characteristics within population over time

Question 3

what is natural selection

Answer 3

is a theory that explains evolution

Question 4

what is adaption

Answer 4

a trait which increases the fitness of an organism

Question 5

what is taxonomy

Answer 5

branch of study that addresses the classification of organisms (2 parts)

Question 6

what is the hierarchical classification

Answer 6

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 7

What is the Binomial Nomenclature and how do you write it?

Answer 7

It is 2 part scientific name derived from the Genus and Species levels: ex. Homo sapiens : Genus always capitalized - species is lower case- all is italicized or underlined

Question 8

What must a Hypothesis be?

Answer 8

Testable and falsifiable

Question 9

What are the 4 classes of Macromolecules?

Answer 9

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids

Question 10

What is a polymer?

Answer 10

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Question 11

What are monomers?

Answer 11

the repeating units that serve as building blocks

for polymers

Question 12

Three of the four classes of macromolecules are polymers, which ones?

Answer 12

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleic acids

Question 13

What is a Dehydration reaction? Does it require energy?

Answer 13

It is the removal of water that allows subunits to link together into large molecules. Pulling the water- the subunits get “thirsty” - forms bond to each other -grows a polymer. When you make something larger you need energy.

Question 14

What is a Hydrolysis reaction? Does it require energy?

Answer 14

(water cutting) cuts polymer into smaller pieces. There is no energy required to break a bond but as the bond is broken there is a release of energy

Question 15

What is an important function of a protein?

Answer 15

it is a enzyme catalyst for reactions

Question 16

What is an enzyme?

Answer 16

a protein that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes can preform their functions as workhorses that carry out the processes of life.

Question 17

Proteins sub unit is?

Answer 17

Amino acids.

Question 18

What is an amino acid?

Answer 18

Organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups

Question 19

What is a proteins bond type?

Answer 19

Peptide bond.

Question 20

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 20

a dehydration reaction

Question 21

How many structures in a protein?

Answer 21

4 structures

Question 22

what does primary structure do in a protein?

Answer 22

sequence of amino acids together- depending on R groups will determine additional structures

Question 23

what does secondary structure

do in a protein?

Answer 23

Beta-pleated sheet or alpha helix

Question 24

what does tertiary structure

do in a protein?

Answer 24

how the molecule folds up in 3D space- some proteins stop here

Question 25

what does quaternary structure

do in a protein?

Answer 25

some proteins come to this structure- smaller proteins linked together enabling this function

Question 26

What do carbohydrates do?

Answer 26

provide energy (short and long term energy storage) - source of energy depending on the structure.

Question 27

What is carbohydrates made of?

Answer 27

Sugar, monosacrides - (3, 5, 6 carbon sugars) most important is Glucose

Question 28

What are carbohydrates linked by and what are the differences between the two?

Answer 28

They are linked by Alpha and Beta glucose linkages and they are structured differently.

Question 29

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 29

Store, transmit and help express hereditary information(DNA).

Question 30

What is the bond for Nucleic Acids?

Answer 30

Phosphodiester bond which builds polymers

Question 31

What is ATP? What does it stand for?

Answer 31

Energy storing molecule, stands for Adenosine Triphosphate. Stores in bonds and has potential energy and kinetic energy.

Question 32

What is the reaction for ATP?

Answer 32

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 33

What do lipids do?

Answer 33

They use energy as molecules and they contain more energy per gram than other molecules. They are found in cell membranes and their behavior is vitally important.

Question 34

How do Lipids behave?

Answer 34

They are hydrophobic so they do not like water, loosely defined grouping of molecules, one common feature is they are insoluble.

Question 35

What sub unit makes up the majority of lipids?

Answer 35

Fatty acids- they share electrons evenly so they are non polar and water is polar so its hydrophobic because like dissolves like…

Question 36

What are lipids linked by?

Answer 36

Triglyceride synthesis- fatty acids and dehydration reaction
Glycerol- one of the three dehydration reactions in the synthesis
Ester Linkage- fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

Question 37

what is a Saturated fat

Answer 37

Straight linear molecules, Forms more solids, every carbon has 4 bonds

Question 38

what is a Unsaturated fat

Answer 38

stays liquid @ room temp. bc its lacking H, lost H/carbon double bond, creates kinks- behaves diff. due to shape and bond length

Question 39

What is a Phospholipid?

Answer 39

A lipid that has dual nature, it likes water but also does not like water.