energy and metabolism: how cells harvest energy Flashcards
what are Autotrophs?
(self feeding animals) sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
what produces the biosphere?
Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules
what are most plants?
Almost all plants are photoautotrophs (if they’re green) , using the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules
what is Photosynthesis? and what does it transform the solar energy into?
Photosynthesis is the
process that converts solar
energy into chemical energy
transforms it into glucose and oxygen
what are Heterotrophs?
organisms that obtain their organic material from other organisms
what do all Heterotrophs and humans depend on?
depend on photoautotrophs for food and O2
what process is Photosynthesis?
is a redox process in which H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced
is photosynthesis an endergonic or exergonic process?
it is an endergonic process; the energy boost is provided by sun-light
what are oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions?
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
what happens in oxidation? (LEO the lion says GER)
a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized (lose electrons oxidized)
what happens in reduction? (LEO the lion says GER)
a substance gains electrons, or is reduced (the amount of positive charge is reduced) (gain electron reduced)
what are three main energy carried that transfer electrons in redox reactions?
- NAD+
- FAD
- ATP
3 reasons why Cells will extract energy from glucose (glucose is oxidized)
- Energy is stored within the bonds of molecules
- Bonds are formed by electrons
- As electrons move energy states change
why is glucose oxidized?
Electrons are stripped away and than transferred to energy carrying molecules (NAD+ and FAD)
what will Reduced forms NADH and FADH2 do?
transfer electrons to a series of proteins which are used to produce ATP
what metabolic pathway helps produce ATP?
Catabolic Pathways
what is the breakdown of organic molecules?
exergonic
what is Aerobic respiration?
consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP
what is Fermentation
is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without O2
what is the difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration consumes compounds other than O2
what does Cellular respiration include?
includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration
what is another fuel source besides carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
cellular respiration with the sugar glucose
what does the The transfer of electrons during chemical reactions do?
releases energy stored in organic molecules
what are the Steps of Cellular Respiration (2)
- Cells receive glucose and oxygen
2. Release the energy of glucose slowly to create ATP
what are the 4 processes involved in the slow release of energy
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron transport chain)
what is an Ancient biochemical pathway used by ALL living creatures on the planet
Glycolysis (unifying feature of all life)
