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Gen biology 1 (st. vincent) > animal physiology (responding to stimuli) > Flashcards

animal physiology (responding to stimuli) Flashcards

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1
Q

what challenge to animals must respond to both internal and external stimuli? and why?

A

homeostasis

to maintain protein/enzyme functions and maintain metabolism

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2
Q

what is homeostasis

A

ability to respond and react to maintain internal conditions

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3
Q

what are the 3 important conditions in the environment for cellular function?

A
  1. Proper fluidity of plasma membrane
  2. Confirmation of protein structure
  3. Composition of the cytoplasm
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4
Q

what 5 factors can change?

A
  1. Body temperature
  2. Concentrations of O2 and CO2
  3. pH
  4. Ion concentration
  5. Glucose
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5
Q

what are 5 contributions of the organ systems to homeostasis?

A
  1. Respiratory & Cardiovascular
  2. Respiratory, Cardiovascular & Renal
  3. Renal
  4. Gastrointestinal & Liver
  5. Endocrine & Nervous
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6
Q

how does Respiratory & Cardiovascular contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulate ECF [O2], [CO2]

amount of O2 changes

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7
Q

how does Respiratory, Cardiovascular & Renal contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulate ECF pH

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8
Q

how does Renal contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulates ionic composition and ECF osmolarity

ion concentration/osmosis

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9
Q

how does Gastrointestinal & Liver contribute to homeostasis?

A

regulate nutrient availability

blood sugar

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10
Q

how does Endocrine & Nervous contribute to homeostasis?

A

integrate and coordinate all of the above

regulates bodies homeostatic conditions

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11
Q

How will an animal body know there is a change away from the normal set-point? what two things are needed and what does this allow?

A
  1. A monitor must be in place that detects change
  2. The monitor must also be linked to a means to influence the system
    This detection and influence to adjust is an animal’s ability to respond
    some animals are better equipped than others
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12
Q

What are the two mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis?

A
  1. Negative feedback

2. Positive feedback

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13
Q

what is Negative feedback?

A

maintenance of set/’fixed’ conditions

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14
Q

what is positive feedback?

A

bringing homeostasis back to normal

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15
Q

In order for feedback to work it must have a means to monitor conditions, what does it need?

A

Specialized receptors

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16
Q

what are two kinds of Specialized receptors?

A
  1. Exteroceptors

2. Interoceptors

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17
Q

what are Exteroceptors?

A

External Environment, Five Senses

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18
Q

what are Interoceptors?

A

Within the Body
Limb Position
Body Temperature
Blood Pressure

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19
Q

what are 4 types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Chemoreceptors
  2. Photoreceptors
  3. Mechanoreceptors
  4. Thermoreceptors
20
Q

what are Chemoreceptors? and what is a specific type of chemoreceptors?

A

respond to nearby chemicals

specific type- Nociceptors

21
Q

what are Photoreceptors?

A

respond to light energy

22
Q

what are Mechanoreceptors?

A

respond to mechanical forces such as pressure

23
Q

what are Thermoreceptors?

A

stimulated by temperature changes

24
Q

what are Nociceptors?

A

(pain receptors) – chemoreceptors that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue

25
Q

what are two main divisions of Vertebrate Neuromuscular 
System?

A
  1. Central nervous system (CNS)

2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

26
Q

what does the Central nervous system (CNS) consist of ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

27
Q

what does the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

A

Nerves and ganglia (collections of 
cell bodies)

28
Q

what three components make up the Neuron structure?

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon
29
Q

what is the Cell body of a neuron?

A

main cell 
where nucleus and most 
organelles reside

30
Q

what is the Dendrites of a neuron?

A

many short 
extensions that carry 
impulses to a cell body- they take information in

31
Q

what is the Axon of a neuron?

A

(nerve fiber) – single, 
long extension that carries 
impulses away from the 
cell body- carries info away from cell

32
Q

what are Axon terminals within a neuron?

A

ends of the 
neuron which will transmit 
signal to other neurons
branches into a series of additional terminals

33
Q

what is the Synapse within a neuron?

A

location where axon 
terminals of one neuron will 
meet the dendrites of the next 
neuron- they excite the next cell because terminals don’t touch

34
Q

what are unipolar neurons?

A

1 large axon, specialized and strong- they relay informations and send it away

35
Q

what are bipolar neurons?

A

inside the central nervous system- they interpret information and sends info via axon

36
Q

what are multipolar neurons?

A

interacts with sensors

37
Q

what are three types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory (unipolar)
  2. Interneuron (bipolar)
  3. Motor (multicellular)
38
Q

what are Sensory (unipolar) neurons?

A

takes impulses from sensory 
receptor to CNS

39
Q

what are Interneuron (bipolar) neurons?

A

receives information in the 
CNS and sends it to a motor neuron

40
Q

what are Motor (multicellular) neurons?

A

takes impulses from the CNS to an 
effector (i.e., gland or muscle fiber)

41
Q

what are the 4 functions of neurons?

A
  1. Collect information
  2. Make decisions about the information
  3. Transmit the information
  4. Transfer information
42
Q

what does the Collect information function of a neuron do?

A

Receive information from external/internal environment or other nerve cells

43
Q

what does the Making decisions about the information function of a neuron do?

A

Integrate information and 
decide not to pass on 
information or produce an 
output signal

44
Q

what does the Transmitting of the information function of a neuron do?

A

Produce and conduct the signal (electrochemically)

45
Q

what does the Transferring of information function of a neuron do?

A

Transmit the signal to other nerve cells, glands, muscles, etc.

Gen biology 1 (st. vincent) (12 decks)

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