intro to ethics

Question 1

three levels of Rest-Kohlberg’s Theory of Cognitive Moral Development

Answer 1

-pre-conventional morality
-conventional morality
-post conventional morality

Question 2

Pre-conventional morality

Answer 2

-children 9 and younger
-no personal code of morality
-morals shaped by adults
-focus on consequences

Question 3

Conventional morality

Answer 3

-most adolescents and adults
-internalize moral standard
-reasoning based on social group norms

Question 4

Post-conventional morality

Answer 4

-only 10-15% capable
-individual judgement based on self-chosen, universals principles
-moral reasonings based on individual right and justice

Question 5

pre-conventional pharmacist

Answer 5

-thinks about what is in their best intrest
-focus on self
-extra pay for extra services

Question 6

conventional pharmacist

Answer 6

-care in line with federal and state laws
-reliquish some care when faced with moderate situational pressures

Question 7

Post-conventional pharmacist

Answer 7

-high level of patient care despite situational pressures
-with significant pressures, pharmacist would probably leave the pharmacy

Question 8

Describe why moral reasoning skills are important

Answer 8

-those with higher moral development seem to behave in a more professional manner making clinical decisions and provide more patient centered care.
-better clinical performance

Question 9

List the characteristics of a profession

Answer 9

-specialized knowledge and training
-commitment to provide services
-maintain self-regulating organizations
-control entry into occupational roles through formal certification
-specify and enforce obligations of their members

Question 10

general moral obligations

Answer 10

-what strangers are expected to do/with/for for strangers

Question 11

special relationship obligations

Answer 11

-professional obligations
-family/partner/friend obligations

Question 12

moral ideals

Answer 12

-saints and martyrs

Question 13

Identify differences between the 1852 and 1994 pharmacist codes of ethics

Answer 13

-1852: doesn’t mention moral obligations and virtues, mostly concerned with running a buissness

Question 14

Ethical situation

Answer 14

rights and/or welfare of people are impacted

Question 15

Signaling words for ethical situation

Answer 15

-verbs: want, desire, prefer, should, feel obligated, ought
-Nouns: benefit, harm, duty, responsibility, obligation, right
-Adjective: good, bad, right, wrong, fitting, responsible

Question 16

ethical dilemma

Answer 16

• two (or more) alternative but
  incompatible actions, such that the person
  cannot perform all the required actions
  -unclear if act is right/wrong