INTRO TO EPIDIMIOLOGY (PART 2)

Question 1

ECOLOGICAL ISSUES
FOCUS:

Answer 1

PUBLIC HEALTH

Question 2

Degree of immunity necessary to eliminate a
disease from a population varies depending
on the type of infectious organism, the time
of year, and the density and social patterns of
the population

Answer 2

VACCINATION & PATTERNS
OF IMMUNITY

Question 3

The cases double up in number per
susceptible host.

Answer 3

ABSENCE OF HERD IMMUNITY

Question 4

The cases remain approximately
constant (50%).
○ If the percentage is greater than
50%, then the infection should
die out eventually.

Answer 4

PRESENCE OF 50% HERD IMMUNITY

Question 5

DIPHTHERIA
○ Caused by bacteria:

Answer 5

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Question 6

major epidemic
appeared in Russia despite
vaccination among individuals

Answer 6

DIPHTHERIA

Question 7

Vaccine-produced
immunity decreases over time

Answer 7

PROBLEM OF DIPHTHERIA

Question 8

additional
single vaccination for adults to
provide natural booster effect

Answer 8

RECOMMENDATION FOR DIPHTHERIA

Question 9

Caused by virus: Variola

Answer 9

SMALLPOX

Question 10

caused a more
severe skin eruption, but one
much less severe than
full-blown smallpox.

Answer 10

Variolation

Question 11

Grinding of
scabs from patients with
a mild form and then
those who are
non-immune individuals
will blow their noses into
the scabs

Answer 11

PROCESS OF VARIOLATION

Question 12

• generally caused
  a single pustule at the site of
  inoculation.

Answer 12

Vaccination

Question 13

Vaccination Comes from _______ or cow
because epidemiologists
noted that milkmaids
develop less severe forms
of smallpox.

Answer 13

“vaca”

Question 14

the dominant form of smallpox in
the 1970s. This was a relatively
mild form of smallpox that had a
low mortality rate.

Answer 14

Variola minor (alastrim)

Question 15

This is a more
disfiguring and often fatal form
of the disease

Answer 15

Variola major (classical
smallpox

Question 16

Smallpox vaccine is_________ for
both forms of smallpox

Answer 16

effective

Question 17

Caused by the: Poliovirus

Answer 17

POLIOMYELITIS

Question 18

POLIOMYELITIS Transmitted from
person-to-person through
________ route or by vehicle
(food)

Answer 18

fecal-oral

Question 19

2 TYPES OF POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE

Answer 19

■ Inactivated or killed polio
vaccine (IPV) / Salk
■ Live, attenuated oral polio
vaccine (OPV) / Sabin

Question 20

This became available in 1955.
Although it stimulated the production of blood
antibodies against the three types of
poliovirus, it did not produce cell-mediated
immunity in the intestine where the
polioviruses multiplied. So, it led to periodic
small epidemics of poliomyelitis in the late
1950s and early 1960s.

Answer 20

IPV

Question 21

This was approved in the early
1960s. This produced cell-mediated
immunity, preventing the polio virus from
replicating in the intestine. It also provided
herd immunity. After the widespread use of
OPV, the prevalence of all three types of
poliovirus declined rapidly.

Answer 21

OPV

Question 22

Caused by the spirochete
bacteria: Treponema pallidum
subspecies pallidum

Answer 22

SYPHILIS

Question 23

usually
subsides spontaneously

Answer 23

PRIMARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

Question 24

a rash
or other lesions may
appear; also subside
spontaneously then a
a latent period follows after

Answer 24

SECONDARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

Question 25

Untreated infections may provide some herd immunity but does not protect individual from progressive damage to own body

Answer 25

TERTIARY STAGE OF SYPHILIS

Question 26

Syphilis produces a highly infectious a skin lesion is known as _______ -- which is filled with spirochete organisms.

Answer 26

chancre

Question 27

primary killer of children IN THE 19TH CENTURY

Answer 27

Diarrhea

Question 28

eading cause of adult mortality in the 19th century

Answer 28

Tuberculosis

Question 29

Sanitary Revolution: ○ Began in __________

Answer 29

England

Question 30

Reduced infant mortality, increased effective birth rate

Answer 30

Sanitary Revolution

Question 31

a cause of today’s worldwide population problem

Answer 31

Sanitary Revolution

Question 32

Difference between birth rate and death rate that develops when a country undergoes demographic transition

Answer 32

Demographic Gap

Question 33

African Sleeping Sickness Medical Term

Answer 33

Trypanosomiasis

Question 34

Trypanosomiasis caused by parasites of the species ___________ and is transmitted by the vector tsetse fly

Answer 34

Trypanosoma brussay

Question 35

has become a favorite habitat for breeding of snail hosts of both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis

Answer 35

Nile River

Question 36

Interaction or combination of factors that produce a greater effect than the sum of their separate effects

Answer 36

SYNERGISM

Question 37

A malnourished child has more difficulty making antibodies and repairing tissue damage which makes the child less resistant to infectious diseases

Answer 37

SYNERGISM

Question 38

A process by which 2 or more strains of a virus combine to form a new subtype of a virus

Answer 38

ANTIGENIC SHIFT

Question 39

Accumulation of mutations within virus genes over time

Answer 39

ANTIGENIC DRIFT

Question 40

Widespread outbreak involving multiple continents

Answer 40

GLOBAL PANDEMIC

Question 41

a disease occurred in 1975 where it was spread by ticks

Answer 41

lyme disease

Question 42

a disease ocurred in 1976 where that small infectious agent spreads via air-conditioning systems

Answer 42

Legionnaires' disease

Question 43

method of prevention for legionnaire's disease

Answer 43

treat water in air-conditioning systems

Question 44

disease that occurred in 1980 where staphylococcal toxin was associated with the use of tampons (especially Rely brand)

Answer 44

Toxic shock syndrom

Question 45

a disease that occurred in 1981, where the viral agent spread via sexual activity, especially male homosexual activity, and via sharing of needles and exchange of blood and blood products during intravenous drug use and transfusions

Answer 45

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom

Question 46

in 1989 toxic contaminant associated with use of dietary supplements of L-tryptophan

Answer 46

Eosinophiliamyalgia syndrom

Question 47

in 1993, hantavirus spread via contact with contaminated droppings of deer mice

Answer 47

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Question 48

in 1996, prions spread via ingestion of beef infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Answer 48

New -variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Question 49

animal coronavirus transferred to humans by handling and eating unusual food animals in 2003

Answer 49

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

Question 50

Variation in the severity of a disease process

Answer 50

The biologic spectrum of disease (Iceberg phenomenon)

Question 51

Paramount to the field of epidemiology

Answer 51

The biologic spectrum of disease (Iceberg phenomenon)

Question 52

Randomized trials of preventive measures

Answer 52

Field Trials

Question 53

Important phase of evaluating a new vaccine

Answer 53

Field Trials

Question 54

Studying the Biological Spectrum of Disease

Answer 54

Biologic spectrum of disease

Question 55

Surveillance of Community Health Interventions

Answer 55

Field Trials

Question 56

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGISTS

Answer 56

1. Ongoing / Continued Surveillance Programs 2. Syndromic Surveillance

Question 57

Ensure a vaccine’s continued safety and effectiveness

Answer 57

○ Ongoing / Continued Surveillance Programs

Question 58

Epidemiologists contributing to national security

Answer 58

Epidemiologists contributing to national security

Question 59

polio, measles, smallpox

Answer 59

Ongoing / Continued Surveillance Programs

Question 60

Current recommendation for measles vaccines: initially at __ months of ages, booster dose at 4-6 years old

Answer 60

15

Question 61

Disease control priorities should be based not only on the currently existing size of the problem, but also on the potential of a disease to spread to others; its likelihood of causing death and disability; its cost to individuals, families, and the community

Answer 61

Setting Disease Control Priorities

Question 62

Process of identifying the nature and cause of a disease

Answer 62

Diagnosis

Question 63

Determined by methods of clinical epidemiology

Answer 63

Effective treatment

Question 64

Improved understanding through epidemiology

Answer 64

Prognosis

Question 65

Epidemiology forecasts the probability and impact of risks

Answer 65

Risk estimation

Question 66

principles and methods of epidemiology are used in planning and evaluating medical health care

Answer 66

Improving Health Services Research

Question 67

○ Epidemiologists can be called to testify in court ○ Lawsuits may rely on epidemiologic data ○ Expert medical testimony often requires a high level of epidemiological expertise

Answer 67

Providing Expert Testimony in Courts of Law

Question 68

■ Product hazards ■ Probable risks and side effects of various environmental exposures and medications

Answer 68

Epidemiologists can be called to testify in court

Question 69

■ General environmental exposures ■ Occupational illness claims ■ Medical liability ■ Product liability

Answer 69

Lawsuits may rely on epidemiologic data

Question 70

CONTRIBUTIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGISTS

Answer 70

● Investigating Epidemics and New Diseases ● Studying the Biological Spectrum of Disease ● Surveillance of Community Health Interventions ● Setting Disease Control Priorities ● Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Clinical Disease ● Improving Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis of Clinical Disease ● Improving Health Services Research ● Providing Expert Testimony in Courts of Law

Question 71

SYNERGISM OF FACTORS PREDISPOSING TO DISEASE

Answer 71

● SYNERGISM ● ANTIGENIC SHIFT ● ANTIGENIC DRIFT ● GLOBAL PANDEMIC

Question 72

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINATIONS

Answer 72

1. DIPHTHERIA 2. SMALLPOX 3. POLIOMYELITIS 4. SYPHILIS

Question 73

(1) VACCINATION & PATTERNS OF IMMUNITY

Answer 73

A. ABSENCE OF HERD IMMUNITY B. PRESENCE OF 50% HERD IMMUNITY