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BIOSTAT > ASSESSMENT OF RISK AND BENEFIT IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES > Flashcards

ASSESSMENT OF RISK AND BENEFIT IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES Flashcards

1
Q
  • distinction between people who have and people who do not have exposure to the risk factor (or protective factor) under study.
A

Independent Variable

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2
Q
  • distinction between people who have and people who do not have the disease (or other outcome) under study.
A

Dependent Variable

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3
Q
  • difference between the frequency of disease in persons exposed to a risk factor and the frequency of disease in persons not exposed to the same risk factor.
A

Cohort Studies

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4
Q

, from a defined population, we will not randomly assign a population. We need to know if a certain individual passed the exposure or was not exposed.

A

cohort study

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5
Q

means a group of people being banded together or treated as a group.

A

Cohort

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6
Q

focuses on the exposure. We will follow if the exposed people will develop the disease in the outcome.

A

Cohort

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7
Q
  • difference is between the frequency of the risk factor in case participants (persons with the disease) and the frequency of the risk factor in control participants (persons without the disease).
A

Case-Control Studies

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8
Q

is defined as those who have the disease control those who do not have the disease.

A

Case-control

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9
Q

start with people who have the disease, then looking back if the sick people were exposed with a certain risk factor.

A

Case-control

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10
Q

Allow investigators to obtain absolute and relative measures of risk

A

Cohort studies

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11
Q

Allow investigators to obtain only a relative measure of risk

A

CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

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12
Q

MEASURES OF RISK FACTORS

A
  1. Absolute Risk
  2. Relative Risk
  3. Odds Ratio (Relative Odds)
  4. Attributable Risk
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13
Q

2x2 table

A

Contingency table

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14
Q

● Incidence of the disease

A

ABSOLUTE RISK (AbR)

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15
Q

Indicate the magnitude of the risk in a group of people with a certain exposure

A

ABSOLUTE RISK (AbR)

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16
Q

Only reflects a person’s overall risk of developing the health event

A

ABSOLUTE RISK (AbR)

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17
Q

DISADVANTAGES

● It does not take into consideration the risk of disease in unexposed individuals

● It does not indicate whether the exposure is associated with an increased risk of the disease

A

ABSOLUTE RISK (AbR)

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18
Q

Formula of ABSOLUTE RISK (incidence of the disease)

A

AbR = [a/(a+b)] x 100

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19
Q

What formula to use: What is the absolute risk of lung cancer by smoking status?

A

AbR = a / (a+b) x 100

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20
Q

Relative risk is also known as the

A

Risk Ratio (RR)

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21
Q

The ratio of absolute risk (incidence rates) which can be used in cohort studies

A

RELATIVE RISK (RR)

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22
Q

It determines whether there is an association between exposure to a risk factor and development of a disease

A

RELATIVE RISK (RR)

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23
Q

Asks the question: How strong is the association?

A

RELATIVE RISK (RR)

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24
Q

DISADVANTAGES

● Can only be used if your study is a cohort study

A

RELATIVE RISK (RR)

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25
Q

RELATIVE RISK (RR) Formula

A

Relative risk = (incidence in exposed / incidence in unexposed)

26
Q

Formula: Incidence in exposed

A

a/(a+b)

27
Q

Formula: Incidence in unexposed

A

c/(c+d)

28
Q

ODDS RATIO (RELATIVE ODDS) is also known as

A

Relative Odds

29
Q

Can be used in case-control studies and cohort studies

A

ODDS RATIO (RELATIVE ODDS)

30
Q

Determines the proportion of cases who were exposed and the proportion of controls who were exposed

A

ODDS RATIO (RELATIVE ODDS)

31
Q

FORMULA for ODDS RATIO (RELATIVE ODDS)

A

Odds Ratio (OR) = Cross Products Ratio = (ad)/(bc)

32
Q

QUESTION RAISED WOULD BE: Is your exposure a risk factor associated with your development of the disease?

A

ODDS RATIO: COHORT STUDIES

33
Q

QUESTION RAISED WOULD BE: Is the exposure associated more with those who have the disease or to those who do not have the disease?

A

ODDS RATIO: CASE-CONTROL STUDIES

34
Q

Concordant pairs

A

EE and NN

35
Q

Disconcordant pairs

A

EN and NE

36
Q

= A way to control the confounding

A

Matching

37
Q

• Matching those controls to cases

A

MATCHED-PAIR CASE-CONTROL STUDY

38
Q

of cases = # of controls

A

MATCHED-PAIR CASE-CONTROL STUDY

39
Q

Helps us control for variables that may confound our results

A

MATCHED-PAIR CASE-CONTROL STUDY

40
Q

If we match out cases and controls on a separate variable, then we can see if there is a difference based just on the exposure

A

MATCHED-PAIR CASE-CONTROL STUDY

41
Q

Four potential outcomes: of MATCHED-PAIR CASE-CONTROL STUDY

A

1) Case exposed – control exposed (EE)
2) Case not exposed – control not exposed (NN)
3) Case exposed – control not exposed (EN)
4) Case not exposed – control exposed (NE)

42
Q

– EE and NN

▪ This means that they are in agreement (i.e., exposed-exposed, not exposed-not exposed

A

Concordant

43
Q

– EN and NE
▪ Not in agreement

A

Disconcordant (or discordant)

44
Q

In the case of a matched-pair case-control study, when calculating the odds ratio, we are looking at the __________ ONLY

A

discordant pairs

45
Q

The _______________ are ignored because they do not contribute to our knowledge of how cases and controls differ in regard to past history of exposure; also, we want to know the difference

A

concordant pairs (a & b)

46
Q

CALCULATING ODDS RATIO IF MATCHED-PAIR (Formula)

A

Odds ratio (matched pairs) = b/c

47
Q

ratio of the number of pairs that support the hypothesis of an association (pairs in which the case was exposed and the control was not) to the number of pairs that negate the hypothesis of an association (pairs in which the control was exposed and the case was not)

A

MATCHED PAIR ODDS RATIO

48
Q

No pairs

Cases and controls are individually counted

A

UNMATCHED PAIR ODDS RATIO

49
Q

Unmatched pairs odds ratio: formula

A

Unmatched pairs odds ratio = ad/bc

50
Q
  • it regards something as being caused by something or someone OR being held responsible for or associated with
A

Attribute

51
Q

Measures the proportion of disease in the population (or just in the exposed group) that can be ‘attributed’ to the exposure

A

Attributable risk

52
Q

measure how much of the trait would be prevented were it removed from the population

A

Attributable risk

53
Q

useful in answering the question of how much disease can be prevented if we have an effective means of eliminating the exposure in question

A

Attributable risk

54
Q

How much of the disease that occurs can be attributed to a certain exposure?

A

Attributable risk

55
Q

______ and ______ are important measures of the strength of association, which is a critical consideration in deriving a causal inference

A

Relative risk (RR) and Odds ratio (OR)

56
Q

is a measure of how much of the disease risk is attributable to a certain exposure

A

Attributable risk (AR)

57
Q

is used to evaluate whether the exposure may be a cause of the outcome

A

Relative risk

58
Q

is the impact of the cause which leads to the outcome

A

Attributable risk

59
Q

is valuable in etiologic studies of disease o Example: help support the case for smoking as a cause of kidney transplant failure

A

Relative risk

60
Q

has major applications in clinical practice and public health o Example: describes the impact of smoking on the kidney transplant population

A

Attributable risk

BIOSTAT (25 decks)

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